An Examination of Genetic Patterns and Phylogeny of Antarctic Pack Ice Seals: A Coordinated Multinational Project

在南极洲周围的浮冰地区，生活着世界上至少50%的海豹，占世界上鳍状生物总量的80%。作为一个群体，这些海豹是南大洋生态系统中占主导地位的顶级捕食者之一，它们的丰度、生长模式、生活史和行为的波动为大范围时空尺度上的环境变化提供了潜在的信息来源。这项提案是国际南极浮冰海豹（APIS）计划的一部分，该计划旨在更好地了解浮冰海豹的分布与其环境之间的生态关系。2000年1月至2月期间，将在罗斯海东部和阿蒙森海西部的浮冰带进行一次研究巡航，沿着与大陆架垂直的六条横断面进行调查和取样。每条样带将穿过五个环境采样层：大陆架带、南极坡锋、远洋带、冰缘锋和浮冰带外的开阔水域。除了开放水域以外的所有区域都将在一定程度上被冰覆盖。该计划的目的是调查分布广泛的四种南极冰海豹种群的遗传多样性，并检查物种之间的系统发育关系。微卫星技术将用于探索每个物种内的杂合模式，并将这些模式与已知的生活史特征联系起来。线粒体DNA分析将用于检查四个物种之间的分化序列。此外，该部门将通过与加拿大阿尔伯塔大学的合作协调基因样本分析。更好地了解浮冰海豹与南极海洋生态系统的生物和物理特征之间的相互作用，将有助于更好地预测环境变化背景下海豹数量的波动。

9815786SINIFFThe pack ice region surrounding Antarctica contains at least fifty percent of the world's population of seals, comprising about eighty percent of the world's total pinniped biomass. As a group, these seals are among the dominant top predators in Southern Ocean ecosystems, and the fluctuation in their abundance, growth patterns, life histories, and behavior provide a potential source of information about environmental variability integrated over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This proposal was developed as part of the international Antarctic Pack Ice Seals (APIS) program, which is aimed to better understand the ecological relationships between the distribution of pack ice seals and their environment. During January-February, 2000, a research cruise through the pack ice zone of the eastern Ross Sea and western Amundsen Sea will be conducted to survey and sample along six transects perpendicular to the continental shelf. Each of these transects will pass through five environmental sampling strata: continental shelf zone, Antarctic slope front, pelagic zone, the ice edge front, and the open water outside the pack ice zone. All zones but open water will be ice-covered to some degree. The objective of this component of the APIS program is to investigate the genetic diversity among widely dispersed populations of the four species of Antarctic ice seals and to examine the phylogenetic relationship among the species. Microsatellite techniques will be used to explore heterozygosity patterns within each species and to relate these patterns to known life history characteristics. Mitochondrial DNA analysis will be used to examine the sequence of divergence between the four species. Additionally, this component will coordinate genetic sample analyses through a collaboration with the University of Alberta, Canada. Better insight into the interplay among pack ice seals and biological and physical features of Antarctic marine ecosystems will allow for a better prediction of fluctuation in seal population in the context of environmental change.