Collaborative Research: How many routes to the same phenotype? Genetic changes underlying parallel acquisition of mimetic color patterns across bumble bees

全世界有数百种大黄蜂是重要的传粉者。它们也有有趣的行为和形态告诉我们关于进化的信息。颜色模式的多样性是这些特征中最值得注意的。这些物种的全身有数百种不同的黄色、橙色、黑色和白色的毛发。这种多样性与模仿有关，通过模仿，物种聚集在相同的模式上，以避免捕食。然而，主色图案因区域不同而不同。这种颜色模式的重复进化可以用来理解基因在进化过程中是如何被定位的。在美国西部，几种大黄蜂在整个地形上经历了平行的变化。这项研究将检验驱动这些西方物种中每一个物种颜色变化的基因，并提供更好的理解，让人们更好地理解进化的可重复性。这项研究的更广泛影响包括培训本科生开发功能遗传学工具。研究人员还将通过几个面向公众的活动分享他们在科学界之外获得的知识，并为大黄蜂开发颜色模式现场指南。这项研究将比较不同颜色变化的基因变化，以确定是否相同的基因被重复定位，或者是否有许多方法可以获得相同的表型。这项拟议的研究结合了全基因组特征关联分析和交叉发育转录组比较，以确定美国西部五组模拟物种颜色变异的基因网络。这包括确定选择的遗传目标和最终色素沉着基因的具体变化。这项工作将确定基因中哪些区域最有可能成为目标。它将确定是否有主要的发育基因用于新的功能，或者下游基因是否更经常成为目标。它还将告诉我们遗传变异是如何在物种内和物种间遗传和转移影响总体多样性的。在这一过程中，这项研究将提供几种北美大黄蜂的基因组序列，澄清通过模仿所隐藏的物种边界。它还将提高对发育和色素沉着基因在动物中的作用的理解。将对不同物种的基因组进行测序，以揭示决定颜色的基因是如何进化的。这些目标将提供一个案例研究遗传变异和由此导致的基因表达变化是如何在选定的物种中进化的。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Hundreds of bumble bee species are important pollinators worldwide. They also have interesting behaviors and morphologies that tell us about evolution. Color pattern diversity is the most notable of these traits. These species have hundreds of different patterns of yellow, orange, black, and white hairs across their bodies. This diversity is related to mimicry, whereby species converge upon the same pattern to avoid predation. However, that dominant color pattern differs by region. This repeated evolution of color patterns can be used to understand how genes are targeted during evolution. In the Western United States, several bumble bee species undergo parallel changes across the landscape. This research will examine the genes that drive coloration shifts in each of these western species and provide a better understanding of how repeatable evolution is. Broader impacts of the research include training undergraduate students to develop functional genetics tools. The researchers will also share their gained knowledge outside the scientific community through several events for the public and develop color pattern field guides for bumble bees.The study will compare genetic changes across color shifts to tell if the same genes are repeatedly targeted or if there are many ways to get to the same phenotype. The proposed research uses a combination of genome-wide trait association analysis and cross-developmental transcriptome comparisons to determine gene networks for color variation across five sets of mimetic species in the Western United States. This includes identifying genetic targets of selection and specific changes in final pigmentation genes. the work will determine which regions within genes are most likely to be targeted. It will determine if there are major developmental genes that get used in new functions or if downstream genes are more often targeted. It will also tell us how genetic variants inherited and transferred within and across species influence total diversity. This study will, in the process, provide genome sequences for several North American bumble bees, clarifying species boundaries hidden by mimicry. It will also improve understanding of the role of developmental and pigmentation genes in animals. Genomes will be sequenced for species across a clade of mimics to reveal how color-determining genes evolve. These objectives will provide a case study of how genetic variants and resulting changes in gene expression evolve across species under selection.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.