RUI: Arrows of Time in Infancy III

RUI：婴儿时期的时间之箭 III

• 批准号: 9815791
• 负责人: William Friedman
• 金额: $ 12.17万
• 依托单位: Oberlin College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-06-01 至 2003-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9815791&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RUI; Arrows; Time; Infancy; III

This project will help psychologists and educators better understand the early development of temporal knowledge in normal human infants and children. Adults are highly attuned to forward vs. backward presentations of transformations that can only happen in one temporal direction. For example, a film of liquid pouring, when viewed in reverse, is strikingly anomalous. Adults must have internalized temporally organized representations of how thousands of such transformations normally unfold. However, very little is known about the origins and nature of this sensitivity. The principle investigator's research over the past 7 years has suggested that expectations about the temporal direction of several transformations, such as pouring a liquid or breaking an object, develop between 4 and 17 months. The proposed experiments are intended to add to these findings in a number of ways. First, two studies using special training will shed light on the role of experience in the development of temporal-directional sensitivity. Second, a study with new gravity transformations will test the generality of previously demonstrated preferences. A third issue is the importance of dynamic perceptual features in infants' preferences. By comparing directional preferences to fully visible and partially screened versions of stimuli, we can learn whether infants of a given age can mentally represent these changes or whether it is only the combination of perceptual features that is recognized. Fourth, a study of the judgments of children of about 3 years of age will help us interpret the late developmental trends seen in past studies. Basic information about how children adapt to the temporal features of their world is an important part of understanding their perceptual and cognitive abilities. It is expected to have implication for practitioners who design preschool curricula and early childhood intervention programs.

该项目将帮助心理学家和教育工作者更好地了解正常人类婴儿和儿童的时间知识的早期发展。成年人对只能在一个时间方向上发生的变化的向前和向后呈现高度协调。例如，倒过来看，倒出液体的薄膜是非常反常的。成年人一定已经将数以千计的这种转变通常如何展开的时间组织的表征内在化了。然而，人们对这种敏感性的起源和性质知之甚少。这位首席研究员在过去7年的研究表明，对几种转变的时间方向的预期在4到17个月之间发展，比如倒液体或打破物体。拟议中的实验意在以多种方式补充这些发现。首先，两项使用特殊训练的研究将阐明经验在时间方向敏感性发展中的作用。其次，一项采用新重力变换的研究将检验之前证明的偏好的普遍性。第三个问题是动态感知特征在婴儿偏好中的重要性。通过将方向性偏好与完全可见和部分筛选的刺激版本进行比较，我们可以了解到，特定年龄的婴儿是否能够在心理上表现出这些变化，或者是否只是感知特征的组合被识别。第四，对大约3岁儿童的判断的研究将帮助我们解释过去研究中看到的后期发展趋势。关于儿童如何适应其世界的时间特征的基本信息是了解他们的感知和认知能力的重要部分。期望对设计学前课程和早期儿童干预计划的从业者有一定的借鉴意义。