The Transfer of Effects from Conflicting First- and Second-Order Expectations across Interaction Settings

这是一项关于社会互动中二阶期望的实验研究。二阶期望是个体对他人在互动中对个体的期望的信念(例如，对个体在一项任务中的能力的期望)。通常，个人意识到别人对他们的期望与个人对自己的期望并不一致。也就是说，在社会环境中，一个人和其他人的期望经常发生冲突。例如，一个人可能认为自己是一个非常有能力的学生，但可能会发现另一个人认为她/他不是很有能力。这个项目的重点是(1)个人如何解决他们自己的期望与他们认为他人为他们所持的期望之间的冲突，以及(2)该解决方案对随后的互动会产生什么影响。这项研究在很大程度上借鉴了期望状态研究，该研究表明，个人可能会调整自己的期望，以适应他们认为其他人对他们的期望。两个实验探索了这样的解决方案可能会如何影响后续的互动。第一个实验考察了冲突期望下的互动所产生的影响是否会转移到一个人所从事的任务类型与之前不同的情况下(其中存在冲突的期望)。第二个实验探索冲突期望下的互动效应是否会转移到一个人与另一个人(即，与最初与自己的期望冲突的人不同的人)互动的情况下。这个项目测试了从现有的关于地位概括过程的研究和理论化程序中得出的假设。它将为人们对个人能力的期望如何受到相互冲突的社会期望的影响提供新的见解。反过来，能力期望可能会对一个人的自信和在解决问题的小组中的参与度产生强大的影响。

This is an experimental study of second-order expectations in social interaction. Second-order expectations are the beliefs an individual holds regarding the expectations others have for the individual in the interaction (e.g., expectations regarding the individual's competence at a task). Often, individuals realize that others' expectations for them are not consistent with what the individuals expect of themselves. That is, expectations held by a person and others in a social setting often conflict. For instance, an individual may view herself/himself as a very competent student, but may discover that another person views her/him as not very competent. The focus of this project is on (1) how individuals resolve conflict between their own expectations and those they believe others hold for them, and (2) what the consequences of the resolution are for subsequent interaction. The research draws heavily on expectation states research, which indicates that individuals may adjust their own expectations to correspond to those they believe others hold for them. Two experiments explore how such a resolution might affect subsequent interaction. The first experiment examines whether effects resulting from interaction under conflicting expectations transfer to situations in which the person is engaged in a different type of task than a prior one (in which there were conflicting expectations). The second experiment explores whether effects from interaction under conflicting expectations transfer to situations in which the person is interacting with another person (i.e., a different person than the person with whom one's expectations initially conflicted). This project tests hypotheses derived from an existing program of research and theorizing on status generalization processes. It will offer new insight on how expectations regarding one's competence are affected by conflicting social expectations. Competence expectations, in turn, may have a powerful effect on a person's assertiveness and particip ation in problem solving groups.