Referential Hierarchies in Morphosyntax: description, typology, diachrony - "Differential agreement in Chintang"

本研究的目的是通过与格标记的比较，阐明指称尺度对动词一致性的影响。这两种标记系统都可能受到参照尺度的影响。最明显的相似之处是在差异（即可选）对象一致性和对象上的差异性情况标记之间，它们似乎都遵循类似的原则：较高等级的论点有利于公开一致性和公开情况，较低等级的论点不利于公开一致性和公开情况（参见，例如斯瓦希里语和西班牙语）。不太为人所知的是对直接与反向场景区分敏感的情况标记。例如，这在Yurok或Sahaptin中得到了证明，并与动词编码的直接与反向区别相平行，但这是得到证明的。但是，参考尺度对案例和一致性的影响也存在系统性差异：（1）一致性中的分裂对齐似乎并不遵循普遍的参考尺度（Bickel在出版社）而对于情况，至少有少数家庭反映了一些版本的规模（Bickel & Witzlack- Makarevich 2008）;（ii）虽然差分情况标记可以由齐普菲原理驱动（在最频繁的NP上支持零指数，即，高级代理和低级患者; cf. Jäger 2007），没有这样的原则显然是协议的基础，而是受到高级论点的青睐，而不管它们的作用（Siewierska 2004，Bickel in press）。(iii)差异一致可以同时影响双及物动词的两个非施事论元，而差异格标记通常被双及物动词所阻碍（如在尼泊尔语中）或仅延伸到主题（如在西班牙语中）。

The goal of this project is to elucidate the nature of referential scale effects on verb agreement in comparison to case marking. Both marking systems can be affected by referential scales. The most obvious parallel is between differential (i.e. optional) object agreement and differential case marking on objects, which both seem to follow similar principles: higher ranking arguments favor overt agreement and overt case, lower-ranking arguments disfavor overt agreement and overt case (cf., e.g. Swahili and Spanish). Less well-known is case marking that is sensitive to a direct vs. inverse scenario distinction. This is attested for example in Yurok or Sahaptin and parallels verb-coded direct vs. inverse distinction, but this is attested. But there are also systematic differences between referential scale effects on case vs. on agreement: (i) split alignment in agreement does not seem to follow a universal referential scale (Bickel in press) while for case, at least a handful of families reflect some versions of the scale (Bickel & Witzlack- Makarevich 2008); (ii) while differential case marking may be driven by Zipfian principles (favoring zero exponence on the most frequent NPs, i.e. high-ranking agents and low-ranking patients; cf. Jäger 2007), no such principle apparently underlies agreement, which is instead favored by high-ranking arguments regardless of their role (Siewierska 2004, Bickel in press). (iii) differential agreement can affect both nonagentive arguments of ditransitives simultaneously, while differential case marking is often blocked by ditransitives (as in Nepali) or extends only to themes (as in Spanish).