Developing a Taxonomy of Decision Modes

***000079664（提案号）Elke weber最近在决策方面的工作扩展了人们如何做出决策的概念。许多研究人员现在超越了经济学家使用的理性选择框架或心理学家传统上使用的认知信息整合框架。随着决策作为成本-收益分析的传统概念的扩展，研究人员发现决策者以各种不能用成本和收益来描述的方式行动（Beach & Mitchell, 1990;Gigerenzer, Todd, & Group, 1999; Hammond, 1996; Klein, 1998; Yates & Lee, 1996）。在某些情况下，这些可供选择的决策模式甚至被设计为防止成本效益计算（March, 1994; Prelec & Hernstein, 1991）。耶茨和李（1996）创造了“决策模式”一词来描述达成决策的不同策略。鉴于人们对决策方式的看法出现了新的多元化，现在是时候从更大的角度来看，并仔细检查人们使用的决策模式的范围。在当前决策研究的氛围下，仔细发展决策模式的分类将是对该领域的重要贡献。提出的研究的中心目标是开发决策模式的综合分类和通用词汇表，可用于识别和区分属于每种模式的决策过程。该分类法包括四种决策模式，即基于成本效益的、基于识别的、基于影响的和基于原因的。每种模式的特点是其注意焦点，主要的认知和情感过程，以及心理表征。这种决策模式分类法的进一步发展将涉及更精确地描述不同决策模式的区别属性，并开发能够更明确地证明这些定性不同模式存在的实验程序。第二个目标是更好地理解决定何时使用特定模式及其原因的因素。这就需要开发一种与决策模式分类直接相关的隐式决策模式选择模型。假设在给定的情况下使用哪种决策模式既取决于以人为中心的因素（即认知和情感过程），也取决于情境因素。识别和描述影响决策模式选择的因素将是重要的，不仅因为它在理论上对更好地理解决策过程很有趣，而且因为一种或另一种决策模式的选择被假设会影响最终的决策结果。拟议的研究有可能将有关人类动机、认知和情感过程的性质和功能以及心理表征的现有知识整合到一个适应性决策框架中。拟议的框架在规范人们试图优化的标准和规范人们可以使用的策略和过程方面都比其前身广泛得多。这样一个框架有可能指导和聚焦该领域的新研究。

Abstract ***000079664 (proposal number)Elke WeberRecent work in decision making has expanded the notion of how people make decisions.Many researchers now look beyond the rational choice framework used by economists orthe cognitive information integration framework traditionally used by psychologists.With the expansion of the traditional notion of decision-making as a cost-benefitanalysis, researchers are finding that decision makers act in a variety of ways thatcannot be described in terms of costs and benefits (Beach & Mitchell, 1990;Gigerenzer, Todd, & Group, 1999; Hammond, 1996; Klein, 1998; Yates & Lee, 1996). Insome cases, these alternative decision-making modes are even designed to preventcost-benefit calculations (March, 1994; Prelec & Hernstein, 1991). Yates and Lee(1996) coined the term decision modes to describe qualitatively different strategiesfor arriving at a decision.Given the new plurality of views on the ways that people make decisions, it is time totake a look at the bigger picture and to carefully examine the range of decision modesthat people use. In the current climate of decision making research, the carefuldevelopment of a taxonomy of decision modes will be an important contribution to thefield. A central objective of the proposed research is to develop a comprehensivetaxonomy of decision modes and a common vocabulary that can be used to identify anddistinguish decision making processes that fall within each mode. The proposedtaxonomy includes four decision modes, i.e., cost-benefit-based, recognition-based,affect-based, and reason-based. Each mode is characterized in terms of itsattentional focus, primary cognitive and affective processes, and mentalrepresentations. The further development of this decision mode taxonomy will involvemore precisely characterizing the distinguishing attributes of different decisionmodes and developing experimental procedures able to demonstrate more unequivocallythe existence of these qualitatively different modes. A second objective is to establish a better understanding of the factors thatdetermine when a particular mode will be used and why. This requires the developmentof a model of implicit decision mode selection that is directly related to thedecision mode taxonomy. Which decision mode is used in a given situation ishypothesized to depend both on person-centered factors (i.e., cognitive and affectiveprocesses) and on situational factors. Identifying and characterizing the factorsthat influence decision mode selection will be important not only because it istheoretically interesting to better understand the decision making process, but alsobecause the selection of one or the other decision mode is hypothesized to influencethe final decision outcome. The proposed research has the potential to integrate existing knowledge about humanmotivation, the nature and function of cognitive and affective processes, and mentalrepresentation into an adaptive decision making framework. The proposed framework isfar broader than its precursors in both its specification of the criteria on whichpeople are trying to optimize and its specification of the strategies and processes atpeople's disposal. Such a framework has the potential to guide and focus newresearch in the field.