BIOCOMPLEXITY: Bio-Feedback Basis of Self Organization in Planktonic Ecosystems Using Phaeocystis as a Model Complex Adaptive System

抽象的。生物复杂性：以棕囊藻为模型的浮游生态系统自组织的生物反馈基础复杂适应系统（CAS）的概念近年来在圣达菲研究所和其他地方发展起来，已经成为复杂性理论的核心要素。这一概念体现了这样一种思想，即复杂性本身所固有的是超越所研究的任何复杂系统的细节的自组织倾向。浮游植物属棕囊藻产生巨大的凝胶状菌落，释放大量的DMS，并显着改变营养水平之间的物质流和上层海洋的出口。从CAS的观点来看，一个潜在的显著特性是棕囊藻在单细胞和凝胶状菌落生活周期阶段之间转换的能力，这是一个将生物体生物量改变6-9个数量级的过程，并且假设这是由化学通讯介导的。殖民地的皮肤可以保护蚁群免受食草动物、病毒和寄生虫的侵害。棕囊藻利用化学和/或大小的变化作为防御捕食，其能力，创造避难所，从生物攻击是已知的稳定捕食者-猎物动态模型系统。它发生的生命周期形式决定了初级生产是通过传统的“大渔业”食物链还是通过更具再生性的微生物食物网流动。提出以棕囊藻为模式生物，开始对海洋浮游生态系统生物复杂性的研究。核心问题是：物理（光、温度、粒子分布、流体动力学）、化学（营养资源）、生物（食草动物、病毒、细菌、其他浮游植物）和自组织（稳定性、间接效应、分布式控制）机制如何与棕囊藻的生命周期转换相互作用，以调节营养结构、生物多样性和能量流的生态系统模式？最终的目标是了解和预测棕囊藻为何在何时何地发生，以及较小的单一物种CAS（棕囊藻）和较大的多营养水平CAS（生态系统）之间的生物反馈。最近成立的海洋研究科学委员会（SCOR）工作组强调了这一需要的重要性，该工作组题为“海洋浮游植物与全球气候调节：棕囊藻物种群”。“实验室实验将量化各种物理，化学和生物因素对棕囊藻生命周期转变的影响。将进行生物测定，以量化生命周期各阶段与其他生物（如食草动物和竞争浮游植物）之间的化学联系。同时进行的研究将集中在棕囊藻对环境信号的感知和遗传反应上。将开发遗传探针，以识别和量化棕囊藻孤细胞原位，并确定参与控制棕囊藻生活史的遗传调控元件。围隔实验将在挪威的卑尔根进行，在那里可以可靠地发展棕囊藻水华。实地研究将在挪威特罗姆瑟峡湾进行，以量化生物复杂性如何在水体中运作以及对生态系统的反馈。这个环境是众所周知的，有一个很长的数据库，有棕囊藻每年春天开花，是一个很好的位置相关的合作研究，如DMS/气体交换。将开发一个生态系统模型作为一种研究工具，以解卷积物理，化学和生物学如何相互作用，以调节植物的结构和功能。已经有了一个初步模型作为起点。一个生活史子模型的棕囊藻也将被开发和嵌入到生态系统模型中，以探索这些复杂的适应系统的不同组织规模之间的生物反馈的相互性。

Abstract. Biocomplexity: The Bio-Feedback basis of Self Organization in Planktonic Ecosystems using Phaeocystis as a Model Complex Adaptive System.The concept of a "complex adaptive system" (CAS) has emerged as a central element in complexity theory as developed in recent years at the Santa Fe Institute and elsewhere. This concept embodies the idea that inherent in complexity, per se, are self-organizational tendencies that transcend the particulars of any complex system under investigation. The phytoplankton genus Phaeocystis produces prodigious blooms of gelatinous colonies, releases copious amounts of DMS, and significantly alters material flows among trophic levels and export from the upper ocean. A potentially salient property from a CAS standpoint is the ability of Phaeocystis to transform between solitary cell and gelatinous colonial life cycle stages, a process which changes organism biovolume by 6-9 orders of magnitude, and which is hypothesized to be mediated by chemical communication. The colony skin confers protection against grazers, viruses, and parasitoids. Phaeocystis utilizes chemistry and/or changes in size as defenses against predation, and its ability to create refuges from biological attack is known to stabilize predator-prey dynamics in model systems. The life cycle form in which it occurs determines whether primary production flows through the traditional "great fisheries" food chain or the more regenerative microbial food web. Phaeocystis is proposed as a model organism from which to begin the study of biocomplexity in marine pelagic ecosystems. The central question is: how do physical (light, temperature, particle distributions, hydrodynamics), chemical (nutrient resources), biological (grazers, viruses, bacteria, other phytoplankton), and self-organizational (stability, indirect effects, distributed control) mechanisms interact with life-cycle transformations of Phaeocystis to mediate ecosystemic patterns of trophic structure, biodiversity, and energy flow? Ultimately the goal is to understand and predict why Phaeocystis occurs when and where it does, and the bio-feedbacks between the smaller single species CAS (Phaeocystis) and the larger multi-trophic level CAS (ecosystem). The significance of this need is emphasized by the formation of a recent Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) working group, "Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate Regulation: the Phaeocystis Species Cluster." Laboratory experiments will quantify the impact of various physical, chemical, and biological factors on Phaeocystis life cycle transformations. Bioassays will be conducted to quantify chemical communication between life cycle stages and other organisms, e.g. grazers and competing phytoplankton. Concurrent studies will focus on the sensing and genetic response of Phaeocystis to environmental cues. Genetic probes will be developed to recognize and quantify Phaeocystis solitary cells in situ, and to identify genetic regulatory elements involved in controlling Phaeocystis life history. Mesocosm experiments will be conducted in Bergen, Norway, where Phaeocystis blooms can be reliably developed. Field studies will be conducted in the fjords of Tromso, Norway, to quantify how biocomplexity operates in the water column and the feedbacks to the ecosystem. This environment is well known, has a long database, has Phaeocystis blooms every spring, and is an excellent location for related cooperative studies, e.g. DMS/gas exchange. An ecosystem model will be developed as an investigative tool to deconvolve how physics, chemistry, and biology interact to regulate planktonic structure and function. A preliminary model is already available as a starting point. A life history submodel of Phaeocystis will also be developed and embedded within the ecosystem model to explore the mutuality of the bio-feedback between these complex adaptive systems of different organizational scales.