Landscape Successions and Traces of Oldowan Hominid Land Use at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

坦桑尼亚奥杜瓦伊峡谷的景观演替和奥杜万原始人土地利用的痕迹

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    0109027
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2001
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2001-07-01 至 2003-12-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

With primary support from the National Science Foundation, Drs. Robert Blumenschine, Fidelis Masao, and Charles Peters will lead an international and multidisciplinary team to continue their long-term research on ancestral human (hominid) behavior at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Olduvai Gorge preserves among the world's richest records of the earliest, Oldowan, stone tool industry and abundant vertebrate fossils in geological deposits dated between 1.9 and 1.6 million years ago. The stone artifacts, and fossil bones bearing butchery marks made by the stone tools, provide evidence for the diet, foraging tactics and technological activities of hominids in the lake basin that occupied the Olduvai area during Oldowan times. These archaeological traces of hominid activity are distributed patchily within an area of ca. 400 km2, providing an unusual opportunity to understand the nature of hominid adaptations to different environmental conditions within the lake basin. When fully developed, this understanding will allow us to assess the ecological factors that initially selected for humankind's unusual dependence on technology and carnivory. In order to accomplish this goal, we require a more detailed reconstruction of the landscapes occupied by Oldowan hominids in the prehistoric Olduvai lake basin. The reconstruction will be made by a team with individual expertise in geochronology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, palynology, plant phytoliths, marcro-plant fossils, stable isotopic geochemistry and small mammal taphonomy. Samples will be collected during two seven-week field seasons for analysis in specialized laboratories in the U.S., Europe, Tanzania, and South Africa. Landscape reconstructions will focus initially on the alluvial fan and lake margin settings of the eastern portion of the lake basin, in which we have already produced a large landscape archaeological sample and diverse paleoenvironmental indicators. These techniques of landscape reconstruction and additional archaeological excavations will be extended to the western portion of paleo-Olduvai Basin after we have established stratigraphic and age controls. Precise three-dimensional locational control of the archaeological and paleoenvironmental samples will be maintained using state-of-the-art mapping-level and survey-level global positioning system and optoelectronic total station equipment. Our work is designed to understand the ecological contrasts between the eastern and western portions of the basin in landscapes and hominid land use related to the repeated catastrophic volcanism that appears to have affected the eastern basin most severely, and in many cases exclusively. A small but important portion of NSF support for the project will be used to help Tanzania continue to develop its facilities and scientific personnel for archaeological and paleontological research. Improvements will be made to the laboratory and permanent research camp at Olduvai Gorge in cooperation with the Tanzanian Antiquities Unit. The storage capacity for fossil and artifact remains in the laboratory established by the researchers in Arusha in cooperation with the Tanzania National Museums. Tanzanian students and field assistants will continue to receive training in field and laboratory techniques. These efforts are critical to the long-term research viability and conservation of Olduvai Gorge, for which Tanzanians require facilities and well-trained staff to lead archaeological research and to manage archaeological collections.
在美国国家科学基金会(National Science Foundation)的主要支持下,Robert Blumenschine, Fidelis Masao和Charles Peters将带领一个国际和多学科团队在坦桑尼亚的Olduvai峡谷继续他们对祖先人类(原始人)行为的长期研究。奥杜瓦伊峡谷保存了世界上最丰富的最早的记录,奥杜瓦石器工业和丰富的脊椎动物化石的地质沉积物可以追溯到190万到160万年前。这些石器制品和带有石器屠宰痕迹的化石骨骼,为奥尔杜瓦伊地区在奥尔杜瓦安时代的湖盆地区的原始人类的饮食、觅食策略和技术活动提供了证据。这些原始人类活动的考古痕迹零星地分布在约400平方公里的区域内,为了解湖盆内不同环境条件下原始人类的适应性质提供了难得的机会。当这种理解得到充分发展时,将使我们能够评估最初选择人类对技术和食肉性的不寻常依赖的生态因素。为了实现这一目标,我们需要更详细地重建史前奥尔杜瓦伊湖盆地奥尔杜瓦人居住的景观。重建工作将由一个在地质年代学、地层学、沉积学、孢粉学、植物植物岩、大型植物化石、稳定同位素地球化学和小型哺乳动物埋藏学方面具有专业知识的小组进行。样品将在美国、欧洲、坦桑尼亚和南非的专门实验室收集,为期7周。景观重建将首先集中在湖盆东部的冲积扇和湖缘环境上,我们已经在那里制作了大量的景观考古样本和多样化的古环境指标。在确定地层和时代控制之后,这些景观重建技术和额外的考古发掘将扩展到古奥杜瓦伊盆地西部。利用最先进的测绘级和测量级全球定位系统和光电全站仪设备,保持对考古和古环境样品的精确三维定位控制。我们的工作旨在了解盆地东部和西部在景观和人类土地利用方面的生态差异,这些差异与反复发生的灾难性火山活动有关,火山活动似乎对东部盆地的影响最为严重,而且在许多情况下是唯一的。国家科学基金会对该项目的一小部分但很重要的支持将用于帮助坦桑尼亚继续发展其考古和古生物学研究的设施和科学人员。将同坦桑尼亚古物股合作,改进奥杜瓦伊峡谷的实验室和常设研究营。在阿鲁沙的研究人员与坦桑尼亚国家博物馆合作建立的实验室中储存化石和人工制品的能力。坦桑尼亚学生和实地助理将继续接受实地和实验室技术方面的培训。这些努力对于Olduvai峡谷的长期研究可行性和保护至关重要,坦桑尼亚人需要设施和训练有素的工作人员来领导考古研究和管理考古收藏品。

项目成果

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Robert Blumenschine其他文献

Robert Blumenschine的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Robert Blumenschine', 18)}}的其他基金

Doctoral Dissertation Research: Avian Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Lowermost Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
博士论文研究:坦桑尼亚奥杜瓦伊峡谷最下床 II 的鸟类埋藏学和古生态学
  • 批准号:
    0723981
  • 财政年份:
    2007
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Taphonomic Perspectives on the Susbsistence Transition between Archaic and Modern Humans in Upper Pleistocene Northeast Asia
东北亚更新世晚期古人类与现代人类生存转变的埋藏学视角
  • 批准号:
    9907159
  • 财政年份:
    2004
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Vertebrate Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Lake-Margin Wetlands during Oldowan Times at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
坦桑尼亚奥杜瓦伊峡谷奥杜旺时期湖滨湿地的脊椎动物埋藏学和古生态学
  • 批准号:
    0129812
  • 财政年份:
    2002
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Dissertation: Landscape and Experimental Perspectives on the Technological Organization of Oldowan Hominids in the Paleo-Olduvai Basin
论文:古奥杜瓦伊盆地奥杜瓦原始人技术组织的景观和实验视角
  • 批准号:
    9909908
  • 财政年份:
    1999
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Dissertation Research: Modern Analog Study of Landscape Vegetation Contexts across the Lowermost Bed II Olduvai Basin
论文研究:奥杜瓦伊盆地最低层 II 景观植被环境的现代模拟研究
  • 批准号:
    9728984
  • 财政年份:
    1998
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Dissertation Research: Zooarchaeology of Bed II, Olduval Gorge
论文研究:奥杜瓦尔峡谷二号床的动物考古学
  • 批准号:
    9712211
  • 财政年份:
    1997
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Instrumentation for Landscape-Oriented Human Origins Research at Olduvai Gorge
奥杜瓦伊峡谷面向景观的人类起源研究仪器
  • 批准号:
    9602478
  • 财政年份:
    1996
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Landscape Ecology and Hominid Land Use in the Lowermost Bed II Olduvai Basin
奥杜瓦伊盆地最底层 II 层的景观生态和原始人类土地利用
  • 批准号:
    9601065
  • 财政年份:
    1996
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
Dissertation Research: Zooarchaeology and Taphonomy of Late Archaic Hunter-Gatherers in New York
论文研究:纽约晚期古代狩猎采集者的动物考古学和埋藏学
  • 批准号:
    9522828
  • 财政年份:
    1995
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Landscape Archaeology at Olduvai Gorge
奥杜瓦伊峡谷景观考古
  • 批准号:
    9000099
  • 财政年份:
    1994
  • 资助金额:
    $ 24.71万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant

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