Dissertation Research: Zooarchaeology and Taphonomy of Late Archaic Hunter-Gatherers in New York

在Robert Blumenschine博士的指导下，T.克雷格·马德里加尔将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将对两个位于纽约州的晚白垩世遗址的动物遗骸进行实验室分析，这些遗址的历史可以追溯到大约四千年前。其中一个遗址，位于斯凯勒县的拉莫卡湖，是20世纪20年代和80年代大规模挖掘的对象。它已经产生了成千上万的动物骨头以及其他文化材料。在第二个遗址，利文斯顿县的科尔采石场的挖掘，发现了9000多块骨头。马德里加尔先生将对这两个系列进行广泛的分析。他将确定骨骼分类和元素，以确定物种的多样性，丰富性，相对丰度和化石部分的代表性。他还将检查骨头上的切割痕迹，以确定它们是如何被屠宰的，以及由于沉积后的干扰而造成的改变程度。鹿的死亡率曲线可以用来确定狩猎技术和死亡季节。对候鸟等其他物种的分析也将提供关于场地占用季节的信息。 马德里加尔先生和许多人类学家对导致复杂社会发展的过程感兴趣。问题是，狩猎和采集的游牧民族为什么以及如何逐渐定居下来，聚集成大的群体，并发展出等级社会制度。正是这一进程导致了我们今天在世界上看到的社会。晚白垩世标志着这个故事的早期阶段，通过对动物群遗骸的分析，马德里加尔先生希望深入了解这一过程是如何开始的。他应该能够确定定居化的程度和社会分化的程度。 这项研究将为许多考古学家提供感兴趣的数据。它将为社会复杂性的发展提供新的思路，并有助于培养有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Robert Blumenschine, Mr. T. Cregg Madrigal will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will conduct laboratory analysis of faunal remains from two Late Archaic sites which are located in New York State and date to approximately four thousand years ago. One site, Lamoka Lake, located in Schuyler County was the subject of extensive excavation in the 1920s and again in the 1980s. It has yielded thousands of animal bones as well as other cultural materials. Excavation at the second site, Cole Quarry, in Livingston County, uncovered over 9000 bones. Mr. Madrigal will conduct an extensive analysis of both collections. He will identify bones to taxon and element to determine the diversity, richness, relative abundance and skeletal-part representation of species present. He will also examine cut marks on bones to determine how they were butchered and the degree of alteration due to post depositional disturbance. Mortality profiles of deer with be constructed to determine hunting techniques and season of death. Analysis of other species, such as migratory birds, will also provide information on the season of site occupation. Mr. Madrigal, together with many anthropologists, is interested in the process which leads to the development of complex societies. The question is why and how do nomadic hunting and gathering peoples gradually settle down, aggregate into large groups, and develop hierarchical social systems. It is this process which leads to societies we observe in the world today. The Late Archaic marks a very early stage in this story and through analysis of faunal remains Mr. Madrigal hopes to gain insight into how this process starts. He should be able to determine the degree of sedentarization and the extent to which social differentiation occurred. This research will provide data of interest to many archaeologists. It will shed new light on how social complexity develops and assist in the training of a promising young scientist.