Dissertation Research: Zooarchaeology and Taphonomy of Late Archaic Hunter-Gatherers in New York

在Robert Blumenschine博士的指导下，T. Cregg Madrigal先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将对位于纽约州的两个晚古代遗址的动物遗骸进行实验室分析，这两个遗址的历史可以追溯到大约4000年前。其中一个地点，位于斯凯勒县的拉莫卡湖，在20世纪20年代和80年代被广泛挖掘。这里出土了数以千计的动物骨骼和其他文化材料。在利文斯顿县的科尔采石场的第二处挖掘中，发现了9000多块骨头。马德里加尔先生将对这两件藏品进行全面分析。他将对骨骼进行分类和元素识别，以确定物种的多样性、丰富度、相对丰度和骨骼部分代表性。他还将检查骨头上的切割痕迹，以确定它们是如何被屠宰的，以及由于沉积后扰动造成的变化程度。建立了鹿的死亡率曲线，以确定狩猎技术和死亡季节。对其他物种（如候鸟）的分析也将提供有关场地占用季节的信息。马德里加尔先生同许多人类学家一样，对导致复杂社会发展的过程感兴趣。问题是游牧狩猎和采集民族为什么以及如何逐渐定居下来，聚集成大群体，并发展等级社会制度。正是这个过程导致了我们今天在世界上看到的社会。晚古文明标志着这个故事的早期阶段，通过对动物遗骸的分析，马德里加尔先生希望深入了解这个过程是如何开始的。他应该能够确定定居的程度和社会分化发生的程度。这项研究将为许多考古学家提供感兴趣的资料。它将揭示社会复杂性是如何发展的，并有助于培养有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Robert Blumenschine, Mr. T. Cregg Madrigal will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will conduct laboratory analysis of faunal remains from two Late Archaic sites which are located in New York State and date to approximately four thousand years ago. One site, Lamoka Lake, located in Schuyler County was the subject of extensive excavation in the 1920s and again in the 1980s. It has yielded thousands of animal bones as well as other cultural materials. Excavation at the second site, Cole Quarry, in Livingston County, uncovered over 9000 bones. Mr. Madrigal will conduct an extensive analysis of both collections. He will identify bones to taxon and element to determine the diversity, richness, relative abundance and skeletal-part representation of species present. He will also examine cut marks on bones to determine how they were butchered and the degree of alteration due to post depositional disturbance. Mortality profiles of deer with be constructed to determine hunting techniques and season of death. Analysis of other species, such as migratory birds, will also provide information on the season of site occupation. Mr. Madrigal, together with many anthropologists, is interested in the process which leads to the development of complex societies. The question is why and how do nomadic hunting and gathering peoples gradually settle down, aggregate into large groups, and develop hierarchical social systems. It is this process which leads to societies we observe in the world today. The Late Archaic marks a very early stage in this story and through analysis of faunal remains Mr. Madrigal hopes to gain insight into how this process starts. He should be able to determine the degree of sedentarization and the extent to which social differentiation occurred. This research will provide data of interest to many archaeologists. It will shed new light on how social complexity develops and assist in the training of a promising young scientist.