Organizational Size and the Logic of Economic Development: An Analysis of Brazilian Personal Services

组织规模与经济发展逻辑：巴西个人服务业分析

• 批准号: 0111456
• 负责人: Samuel Cohn
• 金额: $ 6.83万
• 依托单位: Texas A&M Research Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-09-01 至 2005-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0111456&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Organizational; Size; Logic; Economic; Development

SES- 0111456Samuel CohnTexas A&M University This project is an analysis of the social and political determinants of economic development in Brazil. Current sociological writing on economic development is mis-specified because it fails to account for differences between the determinants of growth for small and large firms. Small firms represent the vast majority of employment in third world nations but receive very little scholarly attention. It is hypothesized that the relationship between state intervention and the growth of microenterprise does not follow traditional models because a) small firms have little influence on national governments and b) governments set policies based on the priority of large firms - producing effects on small firms that are unplanned but consequential. The project considers state-year level variation in employment in three Brazilian industries: restaurants, barber/beauty shops and hotels. All three industries involve personal service; however, restaurants and barber/shops have very low average firm size, while hotels are large and subject to chain and multinational ownership. Data from the Brazilian census has already been collected and analyzed to develop an econometric model of employment in these sectors. This model allows for the statistical control of economic factors such as market size, and the estimation of the role of key costs such as rent, taxes and wages. The residuals from the econometric model have been used to identify a set of states with unusually high or low levels of service sector activity net of market factors. National Science Foundation funds will be used to support a year of fieldwork to allow for qualitative investigation of the cases selected in this manner. The principal investigator will perform a sustained contrast of three northeastern states. One, Sergipe, has an extraordinarily high level of employment n barber/beauty shops, and has maintained this level since 1940. One, Bahia, saw a resurgence of service sector activity in the 1970's. The third, Alagoas, is average in all respects. The study will also do smaller analyses of residual employment in other states. These include a) contrasting high and low levels of service employment in two artificially-created "planned" capitols, Campo Grande and Brasilia, b) the slow decline of services in both of Brazil's major metropoli (Sdo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), and c) the marked decline in residual service employment in otherwise prosperous Rio Grande do Sul. Interviews of businessmen and policy makers will be combined with relevant documentary and archival sources. The methodology of the qualitative fieldwork will resemble that standard sociological works on Brazilian economic development such as those of Peter Evans. However, this study can link those findings to econometric results from a time-series cross-section analysis providing more rigorous tests of the impacts of the phenomena observed in the field. The quantitative and qualitative analysis tests theories drawn from neoclassical economics, the orthodox state-led development literature, political economy, the new network-based economic sociology, the informal economy literature and the ethnic enclave literature. A goal of the project however is to go beyond these theories and produce a new decision-theory-like account that emphasizes the unanticipated developmental consequences of policies designed for other purposes.

SES- 0111456Samuel Cohn 德克萨斯农工大学 该项目对巴西经济发展的社会和政治决定因素进行分析。当前关于经济发展的社会学著作的定义是错误的，因为它没有考虑到小型企业和大型企业增长决定因素之间的差异。小企业代表了第三世界国家的绝大多数就业机会，但很少受到学术关注。据推测，国家干预与微型企业发展之间的关系并不遵循传统模型，因为a）小企业对国家政府影响不大，b）政府根据大企业的优先顺序制定政策——对小企业产生了计划外但后果严重的影响。该项目考虑了巴西三个行业的州年度就业水平变化：餐馆、理发/美容店和酒店。这三个行业都涉及个人服务；然而，餐馆和理发店/商店的平均企业规模非常小，而酒店则规模较大，属于连锁店和跨国公司所有。巴西人口普查的数据已经被收集和分析，以开发这些部门的就业计量经济模型。该模型可以对市场规模等经济因素进行统计控制，并对租金、税收和工资等关键成本的作用进行估计。计量经济模型的残差已用于识别扣除市场因素后服务业活动水平异常高或低的一组州。国家科学基金会的资金将用于支持一年的实地考察，以便对以这种方式选择的案例进行定性调查。首席研究员将对东北部三个州进行持续对比。一是塞尔希培州，理发/美容店的就业率非常高，并且自 1940 年以来一直保持这一水平。一是巴伊亚州，服务业活动在 1970 年代复苏。第三个，阿拉戈斯，各方面都很一般。该研究还将对其他州的剩余就业进行较小规模的分析。其中包括：a) 两个人为“规划”的首都大坎普和巴西利亚的服务业就业水平高低对比；b) 巴西两个主要大都市（圣保罗和里约热内卢）的服务业就业缓慢下降；以及 c) 原本繁荣的南里奥格兰德州剩余服务业就业显着下降。对商人和政策制定者的采访将与相关文献和档案来源结合起来。定性实地调查的方法将类似于彼得·埃文斯等关于巴西经济发展的标准社会学著作。然而，这项研究可以将这些发现与时间序列横截面分析的计量经济学结果联系起来，为现场观察到的现象的影响提供更严格的测试。定量和定性分析检验了来自新古典经济学、正统国家主导的发展文献、政治经济学、新的网络经济社会学、非正规经济文献和民族飞地文献的理论。然而，该项目的目标是超越这些理论，并产生一种新的类似决策理论的解释，强调为其他目的而设计的政策的意外发展后果。