Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Leadership Strategies in the Halaf Period, Southeastern Turkey, 5300-4500 BC

作为Gil J. Stein博士指导下的博士论文研究的一部分，Rana Ozbal将共同指导土耳其东南部哈拉夫时期遗址Tell Kurdu的发掘工作。传统上，公元前5000年的哈拉夫社会被认为是由小规模的农业社区组成的，没有明确的证据表明存在等级社会组织。在伊拉克北方哈拉夫“中心地带”的所有哈拉夫发掘中，明显看不到寺庙或宫殿等公共建筑，以及大型村庄或城镇。然而，最近，考古学家们，由一个新发现的学术兴趣，调查哈拉夫“土地”的提示，已开始在安纳托利亚东南部，现代土耳其进行研究。他们发现土耳其有几个规模空前的哈拉夫遗址。这些遗址（10-20公顷）比伊拉克同时期的遗址（很少超过2-3公顷）大得多，很可能是区域中心。多穆兹特佩是这些大型遗址中调查最深入的一个，为大量建筑群和复杂的意识形态表现提供了证据。换句话说，现有的概念，即安纳托利亚是居住在哈拉夫时期的小农业社区需要重新审查。在15公顷，告诉库尔杜是一个理想的网站，调查在公元前第五个千年的安纳托利亚社会政治组织的新问题。作为库尔杜发掘的共同现场主任，Rana Ozbal将研究该遗址的内部组织，以提供这个安纳托利亚哈拉夫中心运作的第一手资料。2001年的修复工作将集中在扩大1999年的一条战壕上，这条战壕产生了一座大型纪念性建筑的遗迹。这座20 x 20米的建筑的大小和建筑风格，以及超过一米厚的墙壁，表明它可能不是一个家庭住宅，可能具有公共和/或仪式意义。为了了解建筑可能被用于什么，Rana Ozbal将依靠两个数据来源。第一个将包括建筑物产生的“传统”考古材料，如陶器，工具和其他文物。第二个信息来源将从方法创新的微观分析中收集，其中包括对建筑物地板进行化学测试以及回收和识别嵌入的微人工制品（小于1平方厘米的人工制品）。这种结合的研究方法将提供一个更好的解决方案，推断这个不寻常的建筑的功能，从而了解哈拉夫社会的组织复杂性。

As part of her doctoral dissertation research under the direction of Dr. Gil J. Stein, Rana Ozbal will co-direct excavations at Tell Kurdu, a Halaf Period site, in southeastern Turkey. Traditionally Halaf society of the fifth millennium BC is believed to consist of small-scale farming communities with no clear evidence for hierarchical social organization. Public buildings such as temples or palaces, as well as large villages or towns are conspicuously absent from all Halaf excavations in the Halaf "heartland" of northern Iraq. Recently however, archaeologists, prompted by a newfound academic interest to investigate the Halaf "hinterlands", have begun to conduct research in southeastern Anatolia, modern day Turkey. They have discovered that Turkey harbors several Halaf sites of previously unheard-of sizes. These sites, substantially larger (10-20 hectares) than contemporaneous sites in Iraq (rarely more than 2-3 hectares) are most probably regional centers. Domuztepe, the most intensively investigated of these large sites, yielded evidence for substantial architectural complexes and complex ideological manifestations. In other words, the existing notion that Anatolia was inhabited during the Halaf Period by small farming communities needs to be reexamined. At 15 hectares, Tell Kurdu is an ideal site to investigate new questions on the socio-political organization in Anatolia in the fifth millennium BC. As a co-field director of the Kurdu excavations, Rana Ozbal will be researching the intra-site organization of the site to provide a firsthand look at the functioning of this Anatolian Halaf center. Excavations in 2001 will focus on the expansion of a 1999 trench that yielded the remains of a large monumental building. The size and construction style of this 20 x 20 meter structure, with walls over one meter in thickness, suggest that it may be something other than a domestic residence, possibly having public and/or ritual significance.In order to understand what the building may have been used for, Rana Ozbal will rely on two sources of data. The first will consist of the 'traditional' archaeological materials that the building yields, such as pottery, tools and other artifacts. The second source of information will be gathered from methodologically innovative micro-analyses, which involve chemical testing of the building's floors and recovery and identification of embedded micro-artifacts (artifacts that are less than 1 cm2). This combined research methodology will provide a finer level of resolution for inferring the function of this unusual building and hence for understanding the organizational complexity of Halaf society.