Disadvantaged Second Generations: The Socioeconomic Incorporation of Mexicans in the U.S. and Maghrebins in France

该项目是美国和法国研究人员的合作项目，旨在对美国和法国的第二代移民融入进行系统的比较研究。考察比在一个社会中所能找到的更广泛的背景有助于澄清每一种相互竞争的融合理论模式--古典同化、分段同化和种族多元化--在什么情况下最适用，以及所涉及的因果机制。其目的是研究法国第二代最大的移民群体和美国马格里宾人的社会经济融合，即前者的穆斯林北非人和后者的墨西哥人。这两个集团的情况有许多相似之处，表明它们可能或多或少处于合并的平行轨道上。他们进入的两个社会都有很强的同化历史，作为融合移民后裔的主要模式，但所述群体来自与东道国社会经历过殖民或半殖民地关系的国家。印象主义和系统性证据都表明，他们遭受偏见和歧视，他们的第二代(对于墨西哥人，是他们的第三代)证明了各种不利因素，从较高的早离校率到专注于低技能工作。因此，到目前为止的证据还不清楚经典同化和分段同化模型中哪一种更适用，以及在什么情况下适用。如果墨西哥人和马格里宾人的社会经济轨迹在系统的比较中被证明是相似的，这可能会导致对这两个社会群体地位的理解的重新评估-在美国，这可能需要对分段同化模型进行一些修改，该模型迄今与美国特有的特征(例如种族隔离)捆绑在一起；在法国，修改对马格里宾劣势的来源的理解，这一点带有浓厚的宗教色彩。这项研究将基于对两国许多微观层面数据集的多水平模型的分析-在美国，我们将使用1979年的国家纵向研究和1988年的国家教育纵向研究；在法国，我们将使用四种不同的研究，包括1993年的FQP(Fonnation-Quality-Offessionelle)和Cereq的“1992代”。所有的研究都提供了一个可比较的变量范围，衡量家庭出身、学校成绩和早期劳动力市场经验的主要变量。

The project, a collaboration between U.S. and French researchers, is an attempt to conduct systematic comparative research on second-generation incorporation of immigrants in the US and France. Examination of a wider range of contexts than can be found in one society alone can help to clarify the circumstances under which each of the competing theoretical models of incorporation--classical assimilation, segmented assimilation, and ethnic pluralism-best applies and the causal mechanisms involved. The intent is to study the socioeconomic incorporation of the second generation of the largest immigrant groups in France and the U.S.- Maghrebins, i.e., Muslim North Africans, in the former and Mexicans in the latter. A number of similarities in the situations of these two groups suggest that they may be on more or less parallel tracks of incorporation. The societies they have entered both have strong histories of assimilation as the principal mode of incorporating the descendants of immigrants, but the groups in question come from countries that have endured colonial or semi-colonial relationships to the host societies. Both impressionistic and systematic evidence indicate that they suffer from prejudice and discrimination and that their second generations (and, in the case of Mexicans, their third) evidence a variety of disadvantages, from higher rates of early departure from school to concentration in low-skill jobs. Thus, the evidence to date leaves it unclear which of the models of classic and segmented assimilation better applies and under what circumstances. If the socioeconomic trajectories of Mexicans and Maghrebins turn out to be similar in a systematic comparison, this could lead to a re-evaluation of the understanding of the position of the groups in both societies-in the U.S., this could entail some revision in the segmented-assimilation model, which is so far tied to features specific to the U.S. (e.g., racial segregation); and in France, to a revision in the understanding of the source of Maghrebin disadvantage, which is heavily colored by religious distinctiveness. The research will be based on analysis with multi-level models of a number of micro-level data sets in both countries-in the U.S., we will use the National Longitudinal Study of 1979 and the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988; in France, we will use four different studies, including the FQP ("Fonnation-Qualification-Professionelle") of 1993 and the "Generation 1992" of Cereq. All the studies offer a comparable range of variables measuring family origins, school achievement, and early labor-market experiences on major variables..