Microbial Observatories: Collaborative Research: A Cold Microbial Observatory: Collaborative Research in an Alaskan Boreal Forest Soil

一项合作基金已授予博士。威斯康星大学的乔·汉德尔斯曼、阿拉斯加大学的罗杰·鲁斯、加州大学伯克利分校的吉尔·班菲尔德和伊利诺伊大学的威廉·梅特卡夫在一个长期生态研究地点描述了阿拉斯加土壤中微生物生命的多样性和功能。微生物多样性和磷获取机制将通过培养和培养独立的分子方法来研究，以获得广泛的生物光谱。与培养无关的方法将包括“宏基因组学”，这是一种直接从环境中克隆生物体基因的方法，不需要它们在培养物中生长。多样性将通过依赖作为微生物物种分子特征的基因序列的方法来评估。将筛选培养的生物和宏基因组克隆的能力：(1)以还原形式的磷作为唯一的磷源生长；(2)通过矿物学表征确定的森林土壤中磷的主要矿物形式的溶解能力。土壤中含有各种各样的未培养的微生物，其数量比培养的微生物多100或1000倍。阿拉斯加内陆的土壤是北方森林广阔而多样的栖息地，这里的微生物，无论是养殖的还是非养殖的，在很大程度上都被忽视了。最近对其他寒冷环境的研究揭示了新的和多样化的微生物生命，这表明阿拉斯加的土壤将成为新微生物和新微生物功能的多产狩猎场。对生态系统功能至关重要的磷获取知之甚少。微生物观测站将有助于我们对寒冷土壤微生物学的了解，增加培养微生物的多样性，并有可能发现新的微生物功能来应对磷的限制。本研究培养的微生物及其宏基因组克隆也可能为酶、药物和农用化学的生物技术研究提供新的资源。

A collaborative grant has been awarded to Drs. Jo Handelsman at the University of Wisconsin, Roger Ruess at the University of Alaska, Jill Banfield at the University of California-Berkeley, and William Metcalf at the University of Illinois to describe the diversity and function of the microbial life in Alaskan soil in a Long Term Ecological Research site. Microbial diversity and mechanisms of phosphorous acquisition will be studied by culturing and culture-independent molecular methods to access a wide spectrum of organisms. The culture independent methods will include "metagenomics," an approach involving cloning the genes from organisms directly from the environment, without requiring them to grow in culture. Diversity will be assessed by methods that rely on the sequences of genes that act as molecular signatures for microbial species. Cultured organisms and metagenomic clones will be screened for the ability (1) to grow on reduced forms of phosphorous as the sole P source and (2) to solubilize the dominant mineral forms of P in the forest soil that are identified by our mineralogical characterization. Soil contains a rich variety of uncultured microorganisms that outnumber the cultured organisms by a factor of 100 or 1000. The soils of interior Alaska represent a large and diverse habitat of the boreal forest whose micoorganisms, both cultured and uncultured, have been largely ignored. Recent studies of other cold environments have revealed novel and diverse microbial life, suggesting that the soils of Alaska will be a productive hunting ground for new microorganisms and new microbial functions. Little is known about phosphorous acquisition, which is essential to ecosystem function. The Microbial Observatory will contribute to our knowledge of the microbiology of cold soils, increase the diversity of cultured microorganisms, and potentially identify new microbial functions for coping with phosphorous limitation. The microorganisms cultured in this study and the metagenomic clones may also provide a new resource for biotechnology research for enzyme, drug, and agrichemical discovery.