Culture in the Balance: The Emergence of a New Model of Equilibrium within Medieval Thought, 1225-1375

平衡中的文化：中世纪思想中平衡的新模式的出现，1225-1375乔尔凯，巴纳德学院尽管平等和平衡的理想在中世纪思想中几乎每一个学科中都占据了中心位置，但所采用的平衡模式本身从未作为讨论的主题出现过。出于这个原因，到目前为止，现代历史学家也没有认识到平衡是一个主要的研究主题，并将其视为研究的主要主题。这个项目将平衡的历史从边缘带到了调查的中心。同时，同样的词(Equitas，Equalitas，Aequatio，Aequatio，Balance Brare，等等)在整个中世纪时期，这些词继续在各个学科中使用，但这些词所表示的定义和过程在大约1250-1375年的高度经院主义时期发生了巨大的变化。这一时期新的平衡模式的出现产生了深远的影响，为宇宙的形式和运作原则的重新概念化奠定了基础，并使之成为可能。这一创造的历史重要性，到目前为止还很少被认识到，远远超出了中世纪的几个世纪。在接下来的几个世纪里，新的模式仍然具有影响力和活跃，为我们现在认为在从伦理和政治思想到天文学、地质学、物理学和医学等广泛的人文和科学学科中的许多“现代”推测提供了基础。在团契年进行的研究和写作是一个更大的图书项目的一部分，该项目已经在顺利进行。这本书将追溯一个新的平衡概念模型的出现，并考察其在四个知识领域的影响：学术经济思想、政治思想、自然哲学和医学。研究金年度的研究重点是中世纪医学领域的主要来源。在这里，平等和平衡的语言一直存在，因为健康和疾病的定义，元素和体液的活动和循环模型，植物和药物作用的推测，以及关于性情和肤色的丰富理论模型，都围绕着平衡的概念。资料来源可分为六类。1.在萨勒诺学派的各种著作中发现的关于平衡和健康的早期理论著作(贯穿13世纪中叶)为观察后来的发展提供了一条基线。2.阿维森纳的伟大医学教科书《正典》(尤其是第一册的开篇章节)对医学思想和实践背后的哲学原理进行了复杂的讨论。在这里，平衡的概念与元素、幽默、性情和肤色的理论完全交织在一起，这种方式仍然影响了几个世纪。3.关于正典第一卷的十三世纪和十四世纪的评论，特别是非犹太人达·弗利尼奥(约1340年)和雅格布·达·福利(约1385年)的评论，提供了一个极好的方法来追踪模型随时间的发展。4.维拉诺瓦的阿纳德的作品。5.关于加伦的特格尼的评论。6.许多较短的论文侧重于身体系统内的平衡问题(De Complion Ibus)和作为均衡化问题的药物剂量问题(De Gradibus Medicinarum)。

Project AbstractSES Proposal 0137158Culture in the Balance: The Emergence of a New Model of Equilibrium within Medieval Thought, 1225-1375Joel Kaye, Barnard CollegeDespite the central place ideals of equality and equilibrium occupied in virtually every discipline within medieval thought, the model of equilibrium employed was never brought to the fore as a subject of discussion in itself. For this reason, modern historians, too, have so far failed to recognize and treat equilibrium as a primary subject of investigation. This project brings the history of equilibrium from the periphery to thecenter of inquiry.While the same words (equitas, equalitas, aequatio, adaequatio, equilibrare, etc.) continued to be used across disciplines throughout the medieval period, the definitions and processes denoted by these words changed dramatically over the period of high scholasticism, ca. 1250-1375. The emergence of a new model of equilibrium in this period had profound implications, underlying and making possible a thoroughgoingreconceptualization of the form and functioning principles of the cosmos. The historical importance of this creation, little recognized up to this point, extends far beyond the medieval centuries. The new model remained influential and active for centuries to come, providing the foundation for much of what we now consider to be "modern" speculation in a wide variety of humanistic and scientific disciplines, from ethical andpolitical thought, to astronomy, geology, physics, and medicine.The research and writing undertaken during the Fellowship year forms part of a larger book project, already well underway. The book will trace the emergence of a new conceptual model of equilibrium and examine its implications within four intellectual areas: scholastic economic thought, political thought, natural philosophy, and medicine. Research during the Fellowship year is focused upon primary sources in the area of medieval medicine. Here the language of equality and balance is ever present, as definitions of health and sickness, models of the activity and circulation of the elements and humours, speculation on the action of plants and medicines, and the rich theoretical models of the temperaments and complexions, all center on notions of equilibrium. The sources can be divided into six groups. 1. The early theoretical writings (through the mid-thirteenth century) on equilibrium and health found in various works from the School of Salerno provide a base line against which to view later developments. 2. Avicenna's great medical textbook, the Canon (particularly the opening chapters of book 1) provides a sophisticated discussion of the philosophical principles underlying medical thought and practice. Here the concept of equilibrium is thoroughly intertwined with the theory of elements, humours, temperaments, and complexions, in a manner that remains influential for centuries. 3. Thirteenth and Fourteenth-century commentaries on Book I of the Canon, particularly those of Gentile da Foligno (c.1340) and Jacopo da Forli (c.1385), provide an excellent means of tracing the development of the model over time. 4. The writings of Arnald of Villanova. 5. Commentaries on the Tegni of Galen. 6. Numerous shorter treatises focusing on the question of equilibrium within bodily systems (De complexionibus) and the question of medical dosage as a problem in equalization (De gradibus medicinarum).