Culture in the Balance: The Emergence of a New Model of Equilibrium within Medieval Thought, 1225-1375

平衡中的文化：中世纪思想中一种新的平衡模式的出现，1225- 1375年乔尔·凯伊，巴纳德学院尽管平等和平衡的理想在中世纪思想中的几乎每一个学科中都占据了中心地位，但所采用的平衡模式本身从来没有作为一个讨论的主题而被提到前面。由于这个原因，现代历史学家至今也没有认识到均衡，也没有把均衡作为一个主要的研究课题。这个项目把均衡的历史从边缘带到了研究的中心。而同样的词（equitas，equalitas，aequatio，adaequatio，equilibrare等）继续被用于跨学科在整个中世纪时期，这些词所表示的定义和过程发生了巨大变化，在高经院哲学时期，约。1250-1375.这一时期新的平衡模式的出现产生了深远的影响，奠定了对宇宙形式和运作原理的彻底重新概念化的基础，并使之成为可能。这一创造的历史重要性，很少认识到这一点，远远超出了中世纪的世纪。新的模式在接下来的几个世纪里仍然具有影响力和活跃性，为我们现在所认为的各种人文和科学学科的“现代”推测提供了基础，从伦理和政治思想到天文学，地质学，物理学和医学。在奖学金年度进行的研究和写作构成了一个更大的图书项目的一部分，该项目已经在进行中。这本书将追溯一个新的均衡概念模型的出现，并在四个知识领域内考察其含义：经院经济思想，政治思想，自然哲学和医学。 在奖学金年的研究集中在中世纪医学领域的主要来源。在这里，平等和平衡的语言是永远存在的，因为健康和疾病的定义，元素和体液的活动和循环的模型，对植物和药物作用的推测，以及气质和肤色的丰富理论模型，都以平衡的概念为中心。这些来源可以分为六组。1.从萨莱诺学派的各种著作中可以找到早期（直到世纪中期）关于平衡和健康的理论著作，这些著作为我们提供了一条基线，我们可以据此来看待后来的发展。2.阿维森纳的伟大的医学教科书，佳能（特别是第一册的开头章节）提供了一个复杂的讨论的哲学原则，医学思想和实践的基础。在这里，平衡的概念与元素、幽默、气质和肤色的理论完全交织在一起，几个世纪以来一直有影响力。3.十三和十四世纪的评论书我的佳能，特别是那些詹蒂莱达Foligno（c.1340）和雅格布达福尔利（c.1385），提供了一个很好的手段，跟踪发展的模式随着时间的推移。4.维拉诺瓦的阿纳尔德的著作。5.关于加伦的泰尼的评论。6.许多较短的论文集中在身体系统内的平衡问题（De complexionibus）和作为均衡问题的医疗剂量问题（De gradibus medicinarum）。

Project AbstractSES Proposal 0137158Culture in the Balance: The Emergence of a New Model of Equilibrium within Medieval Thought, 1225-1375Joel Kaye, Barnard CollegeDespite the central place ideals of equality and equilibrium occupied in virtually every discipline within medieval thought, the model of equilibrium employed was never brought to the fore as a subject of discussion in itself. For this reason, modern historians, too, have so far failed to recognize and treat equilibrium as a primary subject of investigation. This project brings the history of equilibrium from the periphery to thecenter of inquiry.While the same words (equitas, equalitas, aequatio, adaequatio, equilibrare, etc.) continued to be used across disciplines throughout the medieval period, the definitions and processes denoted by these words changed dramatically over the period of high scholasticism, ca. 1250-1375. The emergence of a new model of equilibrium in this period had profound implications, underlying and making possible a thoroughgoingreconceptualization of the form and functioning principles of the cosmos. The historical importance of this creation, little recognized up to this point, extends far beyond the medieval centuries. The new model remained influential and active for centuries to come, providing the foundation for much of what we now consider to be "modern" speculation in a wide variety of humanistic and scientific disciplines, from ethical andpolitical thought, to astronomy, geology, physics, and medicine.The research and writing undertaken during the Fellowship year forms part of a larger book project, already well underway. The book will trace the emergence of a new conceptual model of equilibrium and examine its implications within four intellectual areas: scholastic economic thought, political thought, natural philosophy, and medicine. Research during the Fellowship year is focused upon primary sources in the area of medieval medicine. Here the language of equality and balance is ever present, as definitions of health and sickness, models of the activity and circulation of the elements and humours, speculation on the action of plants and medicines, and the rich theoretical models of the temperaments and complexions, all center on notions of equilibrium. The sources can be divided into six groups. 1. The early theoretical writings (through the mid-thirteenth century) on equilibrium and health found in various works from the School of Salerno provide a base line against which to view later developments. 2. Avicenna's great medical textbook, the Canon (particularly the opening chapters of book 1) provides a sophisticated discussion of the philosophical principles underlying medical thought and practice. Here the concept of equilibrium is thoroughly intertwined with the theory of elements, humours, temperaments, and complexions, in a manner that remains influential for centuries. 3. Thirteenth and Fourteenth-century commentaries on Book I of the Canon, particularly those of Gentile da Foligno (c.1340) and Jacopo da Forli (c.1385), provide an excellent means of tracing the development of the model over time. 4. The writings of Arnald of Villanova. 5. Commentaries on the Tegni of Galen. 6. Numerous shorter treatises focusing on the question of equilibrium within bodily systems (De complexionibus) and the question of medical dosage as a problem in equalization (De gradibus medicinarum).