Protein Structure, 1934-1984, as an International Dialogue: From theoretical debates to Interdisciplinary races

蛋白质结构，1934-1984，作为国际对话：从理论辩论到跨学科竞赛

• 批准号: 0136992
• 负责人: PNINA ABIR-AM
• 金额: $ 2.5万
• 依托单位: ABIRAM PNINA G
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Fixed Amount Award
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-04-15 至 2003-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0136992&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Protein; Structure; 1934; 1984; International

Project AbstractSES 0136992Protein Structure, 1934-1984 As An International Dialogue:From Theoretical Debates To Interdisciplinary Races.Pnina AbiramIndependent Scholar This project traces the history of research on protein structure in the period between 1930-1980, as a major scientific problem in the 20 th Century, underlying not only the structural origins of molecular biology but also key aspects of biotechnology, most notably its most recent frontier in proteomics. The project documents in extensive archival detail three key stages of the international quest for protein structure: 1. The theoretical debates of the 1930s which cast the scientific problem of protein structure in the context of historical movements, most notably British socialism, communism, and anti-fascism; the intellectual migration forced by Nazism and totalitarianism in central Europe; and American philanthropy's efforts to contain social unrest during the Great Depression. The novel aspect of this phase pertains to its documentation of the crucial process of arbitration, conducted by a dozen scientists from US, UK, Scandinavia, Holland, France, Switzerland. The project explains the arbitrator's failure to contain the debate or accomplish a "sociopolitical partition of truth" among the three main contenders.2. The competition over models in the early 1950s, culminating with the British model 1950 and the American model of 1951, the latter known as the alpha-helix. This competition captures the post-WW2 shift of political scenery (especially the Cold War atmosphere which led to denial of visas to key protein researchers to visit the US or the UK. The project further explains why this stage had major consequences for the subsequent overshadowing of protein structure by DNA structure as the hot topic in the rise of molecular biology.3. The empirical races over full molecular solutions in the 1960s and 1970s (e.g. lysozyme solved in 1965 by a team at the Royal Institution; and ribonuclease, solved by teams at the Brooklyn Polytech and Birkbeck College, London. The project explains the role of large scale government funding and team research in molecular biology in the 1960s, as a prelude to current day scaling up into proteomics.This project provides a better understanding of international cooperation and competition over half a century, especially over the complex period divided by WW2. It also illuminates interdisciplinary research, a major feature of 20th Century science. Last, it explains proteomics, a current scientific frontier that goes beyond genomics into systematic research on the rational design of complex, megamolecular drugs.

项目摘要SES 0136992蛋白质结构，1934-1984作为国际对话：从理论辩论到跨学科竞赛Pnina Abiram独立学者该项目追溯了1930-1980年期间蛋白质结构研究的历史，蛋白质结构是20世纪世纪的一个主要科学问题，不仅是分子生物学的结构起源，也是生物技术的关键方面，最引人注目的是蛋白质组学的最新前沿。该项目在广泛的档案详细文件的三个关键阶段的国际追求蛋白质结构：1。 20世纪30年代的理论辩论将蛋白质结构的科学问题置于历史运动的背景下，最著名的是英国社会主义，共产主义和反法西斯主义;纳粹主义和极权主义迫使中欧的知识分子迁移;以及美国慈善事业在大萧条期间遏制社会动荡的努力。这一阶段的新颖之处在于它记录了来自美国、英国、斯堪的纳维亚、荷兰、法国和瑞士的十几位科学家进行的关键仲裁过程。该项目解释了仲裁员未能控制辩论或在三个主要竞争者之间实现“真理的社会政治划分”。20世纪50年代早期的模型竞争，以1950年的英国模型和1951年的美国模型达到高潮，后者被称为α螺旋。这场比赛抓住了二战后政治形势的转变（特别是冷战气氛导致关键蛋白质研究人员访问美国或英国的签证被拒绝）。该项目进一步解释了为什么这一阶段对随后的DNA结构掩盖蛋白质结构的重要影响，成为分子生物学兴起的热门话题。 在20世纪60年代和70年代，经验主义者竞相研究完整的分子解（例如，1965年皇家研究所的一个研究小组解决了溶菌酶;布鲁克林理工学院和伦敦伯克贝克学院的研究小组解决了核糖核酸酶）。该项目解释了20世纪60年代大规模政府资助和团队研究在分子生物学中的作用，作为当今扩大到蛋白质组学的前奏。该项目提供了半个世纪以来国际合作和竞争的更好理解，特别是在第二次世界大战划分的复杂时期。 它还阐明了跨学科研究，20世纪世纪科学的一个主要特征。最后，它解释了蛋白质组学，一个当前的科学前沿，超越基因组学进入复杂的，大分子药物的合理设计的系统研究。