Merit Aid and Sorting: The Effects of HOPE-Style Scholarships on College Stratification by Ability, Race and Gender

在过去十年中，对中学后教育的援助越来越多地与成绩挂钩。 在此期间，一些州政府承诺提供数百万美元的援助，在大多数情况下完全放弃了经济状况调查。 这些国家行动的模式是格鲁吉亚的希望（"帮助优秀学生教育"）奖学金。 HOPE奖学金于1993年推出，涵盖就读格鲁吉亚公立学院的学生的学杂费和书本费，并为就读州内私立学院的学生提供同等价值的补贴，没有任何收入限制。自成立以来，超过12亿美元的希望奖学金援助已分发给超过525，000名学生。HOPE式援助引起的相对价格变化影响了几个重要的入学决定：州内与州外，2年与4年，劳动力市场与2年（或4年）。学生运动沿着这些利润率提出了重要的问题，成绩援助对学生排序的影响。 这项研究将探讨像希望这样的项目在多大程度上导致了大学按能力、种族和性别的分层。个体分类是生活中普遍存在的事实。人生早期的资源在很大程度上决定了一个人中学后教育的水平和质量。从排序的角度来看，父母的资源决定了你住在哪里，在哪里开始上学，这增强了孩子的大学前景。反过来，大学学位又增加了劳动力和婚姻市场的机会。因此，在某种程度上，成绩与家庭收入相关，像希望奖学金这样的项目加强了大学招生决定之前建立的分类模式的影响。

Over the past decade, aid for post-secondary schooling has become increasingly tied to merit. During this period, a number of state governments have committed millions of dollars to merit aid, in most cases dropping means tests entirely. The model for these state actions has been Georgia's HOPE ("Helping Outstanding Pupils Educationally") Scholarship. Introduced in 1993, the HOPE Scholarship covers tuition, fees, and book expenses for students attending Georgia public colleges, and provides a subsidy of comparable value to students attending in-state private colleges, without any income restrictions. Since its inception, more than $1.2 billion of HOPE scholarship aid has been distributed to over 525,000 students. The relative price changes induced by HOPE-style aid influence several important enrollment decisions: in-state versus out-of-state, 2-year versus 4-year, labor-market versus 2-year (or 4-year). Student movements along these margins raise important questions about the effects of merit aid on student sorting. This study will examine the degree to which programs like HOPE lead to college stratification by ability race and gender. Individual sorting is a pervasive fact of life. Resources early in life determine in large part the level and quality of a person's postsecondary education. From the perspective of sorting, parental resources determine where you live and where begin your schooling, which enhance a child's college prospects. A college degree, in turn, improves labor and marriage market opportunities. Thus, to the extent merit is correlated with household income, programs like the HOPE Scholarship reinforce the effects of sorting patterns established prior to the college enrollment decision.