Doctoral Dissertation Research: Ethnoprimatology of Macaca tonkeana: The Interface of Primate and Human Ecology in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia

在世界上许多地区（如非洲、亚洲和东南亚），人类和非人类灵长类动物越来越接近地出现，经常利用共同的环境资源。这就导致了极有可能发生冲突的情况。人类与非人类灵长类动物之间的冲突，如农作物袭击，经常发生在保护区（如国家公园），村民必须遵守限制使用/进入的政策，从而使对保护区（及其野生动物）的负面态度长期存在，并可能鼓励“非法”土地转换和偷猎。因此，至关重要的是，在这些保护区的背景下进行的研究必须解决冲突的双方。民族灵长类学是人类学中一个新的研究领域，主要研究人类和非人类灵长类动物之间的生态和文化联系及其对保护的影响。因此，民族灵长类学方法非常适合于研究人类与非人类灵长类动物冲突的双方。在这项研究中，主要的调查单位将是“人类-非人类灵长类动物群落”，包括Tomado村的人类居民和位于印度尼西亚中苏拉威西岛洛林杜国家公园（LLNP）与这个村庄接壤的Tonkean猕猴（Macaca tonkeana）。该项目将通过研究东京猕猴如何应对人类引起的栖息地改变（例如，森林利用/干扰和农业发展），以及这些猕猴的行为和生态以及与LLNP相关的保护政策如何影响村民的生计，为民族灵长类学做出贡献。这个项目的意义有三个方面。首先，这个项目将是第一个长期的研究工作，以探索北棘猴的生态和社会行为；一种只在苏拉威西岛中部发现的鲜为人知的猕猴。其次，通过研究进食/觅食模式和栖息地利用，研究人员将确定使这些猕猴能够在热带地区成为主导土地类型的因素：次生林或农业/森林“灌丛”，从而有助于我们理解这些灵长类动物的生态和行为灵活性。最后，本项目将从两个方面为改善低海拔地区的保护管理计划作出贡献。首先，通过检查M. tonkeana的栖息地使用模式，PI可以帮助改善农田和森林边缘之间地区的管理，以尽量减少人类与猕猴的冲突。第二，审查当地人类生态的各个方面，例如对保护的态度和资源利用的模式，将为发展具有文化敏感性的保护工作提供信息。

In many areas of the world (e.g., Africa, Asia and Southeast Asia), human and nonhuman primates increasingly occur in close proximity, often exploiting common environmental resources. This results in situations with strong potential for conflict. Human-nonhuman primate conflict, such as crop raiding, often occurs in protected areas (e.g., National Parks), where villagers must comply with restricted use/access policies, thus perpetuating negative attitudes towards the protected area (and its wildlife) and potentially encouraging "illegal" land conversion and poaching. It is therefore critical that research, which occurs within the context of these protected areas, address both sides of the conflict. Ethnoprimatology is a new area of interest within anthropology that addresses ecological and cultural interconnections between human and nonhuman primates and their implications for conservation. An ethnoprimatological approach is therefore well-suited to an examination of both sides of human-nonhuman primate conflict. In this research the primary unit of investigation will be the "human-nonhuman primate community" which includes human residents of the village of Tomado and the Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) that border this village in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This project will contribute to ethnoprimatology by examining how Tonkean macaques respond to human-induced habitat alteration (e.g., forest use/disturbance and the development of agriculture) and how the behavior and ecology of these macaques, as well as conservation policy associated with LLNP, affect the livelihoods of villagers. The significance of this project is threefold. First, this project will be the first long-term research effort to explore the ecology and social behavior of M. tonkeana; a little-known macaque species found only in Central Sulawesi. Second, by examining patterns of feeding/foraging and habitat use, the researcher will determine the factors that allow these macaques to persist in what is becoming the dominant land type in the tropics: secondary forest or agriculture/forest 'scrub,' and thus contribute to our understanding of the ecological and behavioral flexibility of these primates. Lastly, this project will contribute to the improvement of conservation management plans for LLNP in two ways. First, by examining patterns of habitat use in M. tonkeana, the PI can help to improve the management of the area between agricultural lands and the forest edge, to minimize human-macaque conflict. Second, the examination of aspects of local human ecology, such as attitudes towards conservation and patterns of resource use will inform the development of culturally sensitive conservation efforts.