CRB: Effects of Harvesting and White-Tailed Deer Browsing on Demography and Population Viability of American Ginseng

0212411麦格劳西洋参一种不常见的多年生植物，原产于东部落叶林。 自然种群的收获是为了满足亚洲市场对这种生长缓慢、药用活性植物根的需求。 阿巴拉契亚山区的农村人，通常是穷人，他们的收获具有几种经济、社会和文化功能。 多方面的证据表明，人参作为我们森林中的一种自然资源，在过去的两个世纪里，其数量和地位都有所下降。 人参可能是双重问题的受害者--一个是由于收获者之间对人参的竞争，另一个是由于太多白尾鹿的附带影响。 联邦政府与各州合作，必须证明人参的可持续收获，因为人参被列入CITES（濒危物种国际贸易公约）附录II。 然而，没有标准化的监测程序，人口统计数据，或人口生存能力的估计可用于人参在美国这项研究的主要目标是填补这一空白，通过评估人口增长率，诊断低人口增长率的原因，他们发生（集中在收获和浏览作为可能的因素），并评估可能的处方扭转人口下降。 这项研究还将提供一个预测人参灭绝的概率，因为它们可能会随着管理计划而变化。 来自四个州（印第安纳州、肯塔基州、弗吉尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州）的天然人参种群将在四年期间（2002 - 2005年）进行研究，继续2000年开始的数据收集过程。使用人口生物学的分析和建模工具，上述研究目标将得到解决。这项研究将是迄今为止最广泛，最深入的努力，以评估人参的地位和潜在的保护策略。 这项研究有可能影响成千上万的人参收割者以及许多地方，州和联邦土地管理者和监管机构。 在保护生物学和种群生物学的科学中，人参的例子可以成为一个模型，说明如何将种群生物学的知识应用于保护本地植物物种和围绕该物种发展的文化传统。 本科生和研究生参与对这种迷人的本土植物的研究将进一步发展保护生物学的专业知识和兴趣。

0212411McGrawAmerican ginseng an uncommon perennial plant native to the eastern deciduous forest. Harvest of natural populations occurs in response to demand for roots of this slow-growing, medicinally active plant from the Asian market. Its harvest by rural, often poor, Appalachian people serves several economic, social and cultural functions. Multiple lines of evidence suggest ginseng as a natural resource of our forests has declined in both abundance and stature over the past two centuries. Ginseng is potentially a victim of a dual problem - one caused by competition among harvesters for the root, and a second caused by collateral effects of too many white-tailed deer. The federal government, in cooperation with states, is required to certify the sustainability of harvest since ginseng is listed on Appendix II of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). However, no standardized monitoring procedure, demographic statistics, or population viability estimates are available for ginseng in the U.S. The primary goal of this research is to fill this gap by assessing population growth rates, diagnosing causes of low population growth rates where they occur (focusing on harvest and browsing as possible factors), and evaluating possible prescriptions for reversing population decline. This study will also provide a prognosis for ginseng in terms of extinction probabilities as they may vary with management schemes. Natural ginseng populations from a four-state area (Indiana, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia) will be studied over a four-year period (2002 - 2005), continuing a data collection process begun in 2000. Using the analysis and modeling tools of population biology, the research goals described above will be addressed. This research will be the most extensive, in-depth effort to evaluate the status and potential conservation strategies for ginseng to date. The research has the potential to impact tens of thousands of ginseng harvesters as well as numerous local, state, and federal land managers and regulatory agencies. In the science of conservation biology and population biology, the example of ginseng could become a model for how knowledge of population biology can be applied to preserve both a native plant species and the cultural traditions that have developed around that species. Undergraduate and graduate student involvement with research on this charismatic native plant will develop further expertise and interest in conservation biology.