Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon, and Tracer Measurements

将对选定的水文剖面进行系统和全面的重新占用，目的是量化热量、淡水、二氧化碳和相关参数的储存和输送变化。该计划支持气候变化和可预测性（CLIVAR）和碳科学计划，是物理气候和碳系统全球观测系统的组成部分。通过整合碳和水文/示踪剂社区的科学需求，将实现重大的协同增效和成本节约。除了效率之外，协调的方法将产生超过单独计划的科学进步。这些进展将有助于实现以下重叠的科学目标：模型校准、验证和基于模型的合成数据;碳系统研究;热量和淡水储存和通量研究;深水和浅水质量和通风研究;以及自主传感器的校准。对海洋碳循环和环流的联合研究将有助于确定海洋环流的潜在变化可能对未来人类吸收产生严重后果的关键领域。全球变暖引起的海洋热量和淡水输送的变化可能会影响环流，可以通过长期测量来跟踪。拟议的剖面包括每一大洋大约两条纬向线和两条纬向线，在6个实地年内共10个剖面。核心测量包括水文学（CTD，盐度，氧气，营养物，L/ADCP，Underway T，S，pCO 2，测深，导航），碳系统（DIC，pCO 2。TAlk、pH、DOC、DON）和瞬态示踪剂（CFC、氚/3 He）。除了收集数据外，质量控制措施将由参考质量数据的提供者定期进行。航行后的数据更新、分发和存档将由单独供资的小组管理。实地工作将与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大的国际努力相结合。更广泛的影响：结果将被广泛传播，以提高科学和技术的理解。该计划基于这样一个基本概念，即收集的数据属于社区，并可供整个社区使用，而不是为参与该项目的调查人员专有。拟议的数据政策将是严格的，旨在迅速和公开传播，并有一个明确的结构，所有数据都要经过彻底的质量控制。如此雄心勃勃的目标需要如此程度的开放，以前从未进行过大规模的尝试。该计划对社会的好处包括收集高质量的数据集，并使用这些数据来评估气候变化。全球方案将提供具有十年覆盖范围的气候重要参数的完整水柱数据。这些数据将用于评估气候变化，方法是量化海洋对人为二氧化碳的吸收和储存，并有助于了解控制海洋内部吸收和运输二氧化碳的过程和建立模型。由于这些可能是2000米以下唯一的系统观测，它们将用于记录海洋变暖以及热量和淡水通量的长期趋势。这些数据将成为气候系统模型校准的资源。拟议的方案将促进培训和学习。它将作为培训和吸引研究生、博士后科学家和新科学家的社区资源。在牵头提案中为研究生、博士后和年轻的非航海科学家参加每次巡航编列了预算。

A systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections will be conducted with the objective of quantifying changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and related parameters. The program is in support of the CLImate VARiability and predictability (CLIVAR) and Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon and hydrography/tracer communities, major synergies and cost savings will be achieved. In addition to efficiency, a coordinated approach will produce scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. These advances will contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. A joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation will help identify critical areas where potential changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean's transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, can be followed through long-term measurements. The sections proposed consist of approximately two meridional and two zonal lines in each ocean, for a total of 10 sections over 6 field years. The core measurements include hydrography (CTD, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, L/ADCP, Underway T, S, pCO2, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (DIC, pCO2. TAlk, pH, DOC, DON), and transient tracers (CFCs, tritium/3He). In addition to the collection of the data, quality control measures will be routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will be managed by groups with separate funding. The field work will be integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.Broader Impacts: The results will be disseminated broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding. The program is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community, and are available to the community at large rather than being proprietary for the investigators involved in the project. The data policy proposed will be stringent and geared towards rapid and open dissemination, and with a clear structure for all data to undergo thorough quality control. Such an ambitious goal requiring this degree of openness has not been tried on a large scale before. The program benefits to society include the collection of a high quality data set, and use of the data to assess climate change. The global program will provide full water column data of climatically significant parameters with decadal coverage. These data will be used to assess climate change by quantifying the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean, and contributing to an understanding and models of the processes that control the uptake and transport of CO2 into the ocean's interior. Since these are likely to be the only systematic observations below 2000 m, they will be used to document long term trends in ocean warming, and heat and freshwater fluxes. The data will be a resource for model calibration of the climate system. The proposed program will promote training and learning. It will serve as a community resource for training and entraining graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists. Funds are budgeted in the lead proposal for graduate students, post-docs, and young, non-seagoing scientists to participate in each cruise.