SGER: Reactive Saturation Behavior and Oxidant Induced Coagulation of Pathogenic Mycobacterial and Bacterial Spores

0229220赫尔南德斯在过去的几十年里，人们进行了大量的消毒研究，以确定许多不同类型的微生物对各种消毒剂的灭活反应。环境保护局目前规范公共水处理系统性能的消毒标准就是建立在这样的研究基础上的(AWWA，1999)。在水处理领域值得注意的是，当前的联邦消毒标准是必须适用于各种水源的通用标准，每种水源都有自己的特点。虽然科学界和监管界都清楚地认识到，水源水的特性会显著影响消毒效果，但直到最近才授权进行消毒研究(Dow，2001)，以确定常见水质参数(例如浊度和天然有机物(NOM)含量)对臭氧灭活“新出现的”细菌病原体、细菌孢子和原生动物包囊的影响。影响水处理厂消毒性能的主要工程“过程”变量是消毒剂剂量、混合制度和停留(接触)时间--这些参数构成了现代“CT”概念的基础，该概念在近一个世纪前由Chick和Watson(Gyurek and Finch，1998)首次提出。CT的概念最初源于对营养细菌细胞(即不是孢子)的观察，并已被广泛接受为消毒系统设计的一种强大的工程工具。在上一代人中，用于氯的传统CT消毒模型已扩展到包括臭氧。公共供水臭氧消毒系统的工程越来越受到科学和监管部门的重视，因为氯有可能形成副产品，对人类健康构成重大风险。虽然臭氧在大规模消毒应用中越来越受欢迎，但它的杀菌能力已经被研究了很多年。臭氧似乎比氯基消毒剂对最耐氧化的微生物生理--细菌孢子和原生动物(OO)包囊--更有效。然而，臭氧是非常活跃的，与臭氧相关的消毒反应的动力学是如此迅速，因此理解不同微生物的臭氧失活机制是极其具有挑战性的(Elovitz等人，2000年)。臭氧可以诱导有机颗粒物质的聚集(Chandrakanth，1996)，但由于培养人工制品，其诱导细菌凝聚的潜力尚未被记录在案。动机和研究需求。现代消毒工程仍然植根于CT反应模型，该模型主要基于从合成水中培养分散的繁殖体细菌细胞的观察。虽然传统的CT模型已经扩展了对使用氯的供水的一些合理保护，但它们的预测能力需要更全面，以利用臭氧的消毒能力和优势。预计臭氧使用量的增加为研究其对新出现的病原体的凝血作用和消毒效果提供了动力，重点放在其针对弹性生理的失活机制上。

0229220 Hernandez The last several decades, numerous disinfection studies have been executed to determine the inactivation response of many different types of microorganisms exposed to various disinfectants. EPA's current disinfection standards, which regulate the performance of public water treatment systems, have been built upon such studies (AWWA, 1999). Of notable concern in the water treatment field is the fact that current federal disinfection standards are generalized criteria that must be applied to a wide range of source waters, each with their own characteristics. While both the scientific and regulatory communities clearly recognize that disinfection performance can be significantly impacted by source water characteristics, only recently have disinfection studies been chartered (Dow, 2001) to determine the impact of common water quality parameters (e.g. turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) content) on the inactivation of "emerging" bacterial pathogens, bacterial spores, and protozoan (oo)cysts by ozone. The main engineering "process" variables affecting the disinfection performance of water treatment works are disinfectant dose, mixing regime, and residence (contact) time - these parameters form the basis of the modern "CT" concept, which was first introduced by Chick and Watson (Gyurek and Finch, 1998) nearly a century ago. The CT concept was originally derived from observations of vegetative bacterial cells (i.e. not spores) and has been widely accepted as a robust engineering tool for disinfection system designs. Over the last generation, conventional CT disinfection models used for chlorine have been extended to include O3. The engineering of ozone (O3) disinfection systems for public water supplies has received increasing scientific and regulatory attention because of the potential for chlorine to form by-products, which present significant human health risks. While ozone is gaining popularity in full-scale disinfection applications, its germicidal abilities have been studied for many years. O3 appears to be more effective than chlorine-based disinfectants against the most oxidant-resistant microorganism physiologies - bacterial spores and protozoan (oo)cysts. However, ozone is extremely reactive and the kinetics of ozone-associated disinfection reactions is so rapid, that understanding ozone inactivation mechanisms with different microorganisms is extremely challenging (Elovitz et al., 2000). Ozone can induce the aggregation of organic particulate matter (Chandrakanth, 1996), but because of culturing artifacts, its potential for inducing coagulation of bacteria, has not been documented. Motivation and Research Needs. Modern disinfection engineering remains rooted in a CT response model that is predominantly based on the observations of culturing dispersed vegetative bacterial cells from synthetic waters. While conventional CT models have extended some reasonable protection for water supplies using chlorine, their predictive capacity needs to be more comprehensive in order to leverage the disinfection capabilities and advantages of ozone. Projected increases for ozone use provide motivation to study its coagulation effects and disinfection efficacy against emerging pathogens, with a focus on its inactivation mechanisms against resilient physiologies.