SGER: Reactive Saturation Behavior and Oxidant Induced Coagulation of Pathogenic Mycobacterial and Bacterial Spores

在过去的几十年里，人们进行了大量的消毒研究，以确定许多不同类型的微生物暴露在各种消毒剂下的失活反应。环境保护局目前的消毒标准是建立在这些研究的基础上的，该标准规范了公共水处理系统的性能（AWWA, 1999）。在水处理领域值得关注的是，目前的联邦消毒标准是一种广义标准，必须适用于范围广泛的水源，每一种都有自己的特点。虽然科学界和监管界都清楚地认识到，消毒性能会受到水源特征的显著影响，但直到最近才有消毒研究（Dow, 2001），以确定常见水质参数（例如浊度和天然有机物（NOM）含量）对臭氧灭活“新兴”细菌病原体、细菌孢子和原生动物（oo）囊肿的影响。影响水处理厂消毒性能的主要工程“过程”变量是消毒剂剂量、混合制度和停留（接触）时间——这些参数构成了现代“CT”概念的基础，该概念是由Chick和Watson （Gyurek和Finch， 1998）在近一个世纪前首次提出的。CT概念最初来源于对营养细菌细胞（即不是孢子）的观察，并已被广泛接受为消毒系统设计的强大工程工具。在上一代中，用于氯的传统CT消毒模型已扩展到包括O3。用于公共供水的臭氧（O3）消毒系统工程受到越来越多的科学和监管关注，因为氯可能形成副产品，对人类健康构成重大威胁。虽然臭氧在全面消毒应用中越来越受欢迎，但其杀菌能力已经研究多年。O3似乎比氯基消毒剂对大多数抗氧化微生物生理机能——细菌孢子和原生动物（oo）囊肿——更有效。然而，臭氧极具活性，臭氧相关消毒反应的动力学非常快，因此了解不同微生物的臭氧失活机制极具挑战性（Elovitz等人，2000）。臭氧可以诱导有机颗粒物的聚集（Chandrakanth, 1996），但由于培养人工制品，其诱导细菌凝固的潜力尚未被记录。动机和研究需要。现代消毒工程仍然植根于CT响应模型，该模型主要基于从合成水中培养分散的营养细菌细胞的观察。虽然传统的CT模型已经为使用氯的供水提供了一些合理的保护，但它们的预测能力需要更全面，以便利用臭氧的消毒能力和优势。预计臭氧使用的增加为研究其对新兴病原体的凝血作用和消毒效果提供了动力，重点是其对弹性生理的失活机制。

0229220 Hernandez The last several decades, numerous disinfection studies have been executed to determine the inactivation response of many different types of microorganisms exposed to various disinfectants. EPA's current disinfection standards, which regulate the performance of public water treatment systems, have been built upon such studies (AWWA, 1999). Of notable concern in the water treatment field is the fact that current federal disinfection standards are generalized criteria that must be applied to a wide range of source waters, each with their own characteristics. While both the scientific and regulatory communities clearly recognize that disinfection performance can be significantly impacted by source water characteristics, only recently have disinfection studies been chartered (Dow, 2001) to determine the impact of common water quality parameters (e.g. turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) content) on the inactivation of "emerging" bacterial pathogens, bacterial spores, and protozoan (oo)cysts by ozone. The main engineering "process" variables affecting the disinfection performance of water treatment works are disinfectant dose, mixing regime, and residence (contact) time - these parameters form the basis of the modern "CT" concept, which was first introduced by Chick and Watson (Gyurek and Finch, 1998) nearly a century ago. The CT concept was originally derived from observations of vegetative bacterial cells (i.e. not spores) and has been widely accepted as a robust engineering tool for disinfection system designs. Over the last generation, conventional CT disinfection models used for chlorine have been extended to include O3. The engineering of ozone (O3) disinfection systems for public water supplies has received increasing scientific and regulatory attention because of the potential for chlorine to form by-products, which present significant human health risks. While ozone is gaining popularity in full-scale disinfection applications, its germicidal abilities have been studied for many years. O3 appears to be more effective than chlorine-based disinfectants against the most oxidant-resistant microorganism physiologies - bacterial spores and protozoan (oo)cysts. However, ozone is extremely reactive and the kinetics of ozone-associated disinfection reactions is so rapid, that understanding ozone inactivation mechanisms with different microorganisms is extremely challenging (Elovitz et al., 2000). Ozone can induce the aggregation of organic particulate matter (Chandrakanth, 1996), but because of culturing artifacts, its potential for inducing coagulation of bacteria, has not been documented. Motivation and Research Needs. Modern disinfection engineering remains rooted in a CT response model that is predominantly based on the observations of culturing dispersed vegetative bacterial cells from synthetic waters. While conventional CT models have extended some reasonable protection for water supplies using chlorine, their predictive capacity needs to be more comprehensive in order to leverage the disinfection capabilities and advantages of ozone. Projected increases for ozone use provide motivation to study its coagulation effects and disinfection efficacy against emerging pathogens, with a focus on its inactivation mechanisms against resilient physiologies.