Engineering and Exorcism in Counter-Reformation Rome: Power, Knowledge and Urbanization, 1562-1612

罗马反宗教改革中的工程和驱魔：权力、知识和城市化，1​​562-1612

• 批准号: 0240358
• 负责人: Pamela Long
• 金额: $ 13万
• 依托单位: Long, Pamela O
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-02-01 至 2005-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0240358&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Engineering; Exorcism; Counter; Reformation; Rome

In the 50 years following the Council of Trent, fundamental reforms of the Catholic church were accompanied by numerous major projects of construction and engineering in the city of Rome. The streets were redesigned, paved, and in some cases newly constructed. The ancient columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius were repaired. Obelisks that the ancient Romans had carried from Egypt were excavated and transported to new locations at the center of important squares. With elaborate public rituals, Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) exorcised the columns and obelisks of their pagan spirits and topped them with Christian symbols. Between 1562 and 1612 three great aqueducts were built on the ruins of the ancient Roman aqueducts, allowing for the expansion of the population and an abundant supply of water for fountains, drinking, and industrial uses such as mills. New palaces, churches, and other buildings were constructed, and the Pontine marshes in the countryside surrounding Rome were drained. Other projects emphasized the foundation of knowledge that supported the papacy and other centers of power in Rome. Cartographical and natural history projects included the hall of metals and minerals in the Vatican palace, described by papal physician Michele Mercati, and the great Hall of Maps designed by Ignazio Danti. Both the popes and the Farnese family created botanical gardens. Such projects of cartography and natural history combined with great construction and engineering projects to enhance the temporal and spiritual power of the papacy and of other centers of power in Rome, including the courts of the cardinals. This project undertakes the extensive archival research that is necessary for the completion of a book that consists of a cultural history of engineering in counter-reformation Rome. The approach seeks to explicate technical methods, materials, and other aspects of the process of building and engineering. It also seeks to understand the decision-making that brought about engineering projects, the actual work of completing them, and the ways in which ordinary people living in Rome were affected by such endeavors. It includes investigation of surveying, cartography, and natural history projects that formed part of the broader context of engineering, construction, and the development and display of knowledge in these decades. The study entails investigation of numerous archival documents and rare printed books. Technology, engineering, and construction as well as disciplines such as cartography and natural history will be investigated as integral aspects of the cultural and religious life of the city and as essential modalities of early modern urbanization. This project's broad conceptualization combined with its foundation in extensive archival research will make it an important case study for urbanization. It will provide a model study for teaching and for further research on Rome and on other cities. The wider understanding that it will bring to the subject of urbanization and its relationship to engineering, technology, and other aspects of culture will be extremely valuable, given the importance of cities to early modern and modern history.

在特伦特理事会之后的50年里，天主教会的根本改革伴随着罗马市的许多重大建筑和工程项目。街道被重新设计，铺设，并在某些情况下新建。图拉真和马可·奥勒留的古圆柱得到了修复。古罗马人从埃及带来的方尖碑被挖掘出来，并被运到重要广场中心的新地点。教皇西克斯图斯五世（Sixtus V，1585-1590年）通过精心制作的公共仪式，驱除了他们异教徒灵魂的柱子和方尖碑，并在上面加上了基督教的象征。1562年至1612年间，在古罗马渡槽的废墟上修建了三条大型渡槽，使人口得以扩大，并为喷泉、饮用水和米尔斯等工业用途提供了充足的水源。新的宫殿、教堂和其他建筑物被建造起来，罗马周边乡村的庞廷沼泽被排干。其他项目强调支持教皇和罗马其他权力中心的知识基础。制图和自然历史项目包括梵蒂冈宫殿的金属和矿物大厅，由教皇医生Michele Mercati描述，以及由Ignazio Danti设计的地图大厅。教皇和法尔内塞家族都建立了植物园。这些地图绘制和自然历史的项目与伟大的建筑和工程项目相结合，以增强教皇和罗马其他权力中心（包括红衣主教的法庭）的世俗和精神权力。该项目进行了广泛的档案研究，这是完成一本书，其中包括反改革罗马工程的文化史。该方法旨在阐明建筑和工程过程中的技术方法，材料和其他方面。它还试图了解工程项目的决策，完成这些项目的实际工作，以及生活在罗马的普通人如何受到这些努力的影响。它包括调查测量，制图和自然历史项目，这些项目构成了这几十年来工程，建筑以及知识发展和展示的更广泛背景的一部分。这项研究需要调查大量的档案文件和罕见的印刷书籍。技术，工程和建筑以及制图和自然历史等学科将作为城市文化和宗教生活的组成部分以及早期现代城市化的基本模式进行研究。这个项目的广泛概念结合其广泛的档案研究的基础，将使其成为城市化的重要案例研究。它将为教学和进一步研究罗马和其他城市提供一个模型研究。考虑到城市对早期现代和现代历史的重要性，它将为城市化主题及其与工程，技术和文化其他方面的关系带来更广泛的理解将是非常有价值的。