Change Blindness: Representing Information Across Views

人们通常不会注意到显示器的巨大变化，从简单的新奇物体阵列到复杂的、自然的运动图像。例如，观察者有时没有注意到，在切换到不同的摄像机视图期间，电影中的中心演员何时被不同的人替换。然而，这种变化检测失败或“变化盲目”的潜在机制还没有被很好地理解。这项建议的主要目标是调查我们对视觉世界的表征如何影响我们在观众有意搜索变化和他们没有预期到变化时检测变化的能力(或能力)。实验任务将在实验室内外使用，从而包括在更生态有效的观看条件下测试视觉场景的表征的条件。变量将包括变化的大小、初始观看时间、原始显示和更改显示之间的延迟以及场景的复杂性。另一系列实验将使用有意和附带任务来探索对物体、自然场景照片和运动图像的简单阵列中的分类变化的检测。第三个系列的实验探索了这样一种可能性，即即使我们没有意识到变化本身，我们也可能对变化的对象形成隐含的甚至是显性的痕迹。这些实验调查了变化检测的失败是否意味着缺乏表征，或者仅仅是无法获得意识的表征。以前关于变化盲性的研究假设，未能检测到变化意味着缺乏表征。这一推论得出的结论是，从一种视角到另一种视角，人们几乎不会记住有关视觉世界的信息。这项提案中的研究将探索这样一种可能性，即我们代表的视觉世界可能比改变盲目的存在所暗示的更多。通过对从简单的对象阵列到复杂的动态场景的显示使用有意和附带的任务，这些实验将允许更完整地描述我们从一个视点到下一个视点的视觉表征的性质以及一般的视觉短期记忆的性质。

People often do not notice large changes to displays ranging from simple arrays of novel objects to complex, naturalistic motion pictures. For example, observers sometimes fail to notice when the central actor in a motion picture is replaced by a different person during a cut to a different camera view. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such change detection failures, or "change blindness," are not well understood. The primary goal of this proposal is to investigate the way in which our representations of the visual world influence our ability (or inability) to detect changes when viewers intentionally search for a change and when they do not anticipate a change. Experimental tasks will be used both in and out of the laboratory thereby including conditions in which the representation of visual scenes is tested under more ecologically valid viewing conditions. Variables will include the magnitude of the change, the initial viewing time, the delay between the original and changed display, and the complexity of the scene. Another series of experiments will use both intentional and incidental tasks to explore the detection of categorical changes to in simple arrays of objects, photographs of natural scenes, and motion pictures. A third series of experiments explores the possibility that we may form implicit or even explicit traces of changed objects even when we are unaware of the change itself. These experiments investigate whether failures of change detection imply the lack of a representation or simply the inaccessibility of a representation to awareness. Previous work on change blindness has assumed that the failure to detect a change implies the absence of a representation. This inference has led to the conclusion that people retain little information about their visual world from one view to the next. The studies in this proposal will explore the possibility that we represent more of our visual world than the existence of change blindness might imply. By using both intentional and incidental tasks with displays ranging from simple arrays of objects to complex, dynamic scenes, these experiments will allow a more complete description of the nature of our visual representations from one view to the next and of visual short-term memory in general.