Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Guadalupe Mesa Archaeological Project: An Archaeological Examination of Pueblo Revolt-Era Revitalization

在Robert Preucel博士的监督下，Matthew Liebmann将在新墨西哥州北部的Jemez山脉进行考古田野工作。这项研究将集中于17世纪普韦布洛印第安人对西班牙殖民的反应-具体地说，是可以追溯到普韦布洛起义时期(公元1680-1696)的遗址。1680年，普韦布洛人联合起来反抗，迫使他们的欧洲殖民者在被称为“第一次美国革命”的普韦布洛土地上迁出。他们生活了12年，摆脱了西班牙的统治，在这个独立的时代，起义的领导人鼓励他们的人民摆脱西班牙的影响，回到传统的、前西班牙裔的生活方式。这项研究将集中在普韦布洛起义后杰梅兹·普韦布洛部落建造和占领的遗址的建筑和陶瓷。这项研究之所以重要，主要有三个原因：1)它将有助于填补历史记录中的空白。西班牙文件详细描述了1680年之前和1692年之后新墨西哥州发生的事情；然而，人们对1680年至1692年普韦布洛独立期间发生的事件知之甚少。利布曼的研究将解决我们对普韦布洛世界，特别是杰梅兹地区在这一动荡时期发生的事件的认识上的这一差距。2)普韦布洛起义及其后果对现代普韦布洛文化和社会的形成至关重要，并对普韦布洛印第安人的政治组织、宗教和建筑产生了深远的影响。这项研究将有助于我们理解普韦布洛文化的发展，提供接触前的普韦布洛文化与杰梅兹地区现代普韦布洛文化之间的关键联系。3)普韦布洛起义是一个著名的人类学现象的例子，被称为复兴运动，在这场运动中，人们试图摆脱外国的影响，回到“传统”的生活方式。研究表明，这些运动以跨文化的方式发生，而且很可能发生在整个人类历史上。然而，之前没有一项大规模研究试图检验一场有据可查的振兴运动的材料相关性。该项目将通过对1680年普韦布洛起义的考古检查，帮助纠正这种情况。通过这样做，这项研究将建立一个基线，未来对复兴运动的考古研究可以在此基础上进行。除了人类学家和历史学家感兴趣的研究问题外，该项目还将通过与Jemez Pueblo的合作，建立网络并加强美洲原住民和考古界之间的伙伴关系，产生更广泛的影响。这项研究将通过雇用Jemez Pueblo的项目实习生并与Jemez资源保护部密切合作，帮助增加土著人民对考古的参与。此外，这项研究将开发和完善非破坏性考古研究的新技术(即：不挖掘)，作为未来项目的方法模板。最后，这项研究有助于培训一名年轻的科学家，提供建筑和陶瓷分析方面的指导和经验，以及非破坏性地球物理传感技术，这将有助于今后对普埃布卢安祖先考古的调查。

Under the supervision of Dr. Robert Preucel, Matthew Liebmann will conduct archaeological fieldwork in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. This research will focus on Pueblo Indian responses to Spanish colonization in the seventeenth century-specifically, sites dating to the Pueblo Revolt period (AD 1680-1696). In 1680, the Pueblo peoples banded together in rebellion, forcing their European colonizers out of Pueblo lands in what has been called "the first American Revolution." For twelve years they lived free from Spanish rule, a time of independence in which leaders of the Revolt encouraged their people to rid themselves of Spanish influences and return to traditional, pre-Hispanic ways of life. This study will focus on the architecture and ceramics of sites built and occupied by the Jemez Pueblo tribe in the wake of the Pueblo Revolt.This study is important for three main reasons: 1) it will help to fill in gaps in the historical record. Spanish documents detail what happened in New Mexico before 1680 and after 1692; however, much less in known about the events that occurred during the years of Pueblo independence from 1680-1692. Liebmann's research will address this gap in our knowledge regarding events in the Pueblo world, and specifically the Jemez area, during this tumultuous time. 2) The Pueblo Revolt and its aftermath was crucial in the formation of modern Pueblo culture and society, and had profound effects on the political organization, religion, and architecture of the Pueblo Indians. This research will aid in our understanding of the development of Pueblo culture, providing critical links between pre-Contact and modern Pueblo culture in the Jemez region. 3) The Pueblo Revolt is an example of a prominent anthropological phenomenon known as a revitalization movement, in which peoples attempt to rid themselves of foreign influences and return to "traditional" ways of life. Studies have demonstrated that these movements occur cross-culturally and in all likelihood, throughout human history. Yet no previous large-scale study has attempted to examine the material correlates of a documented revitalization movement. This project will help to redress this situation through the archaeological examination of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. In so doing, this research will establish a baseline from which future archaeological studies of revitalization movements can work. Beyond research questions of interest to anthropologists and historians, this project will have a broader impact through collaboration with Jemez Pueblo, building networks and enhancing partnerships between the Native American and archaeological communities. This research will help to increase the participation of indigenous peoples in archaeology by hiring project interns from Jemez Pueblo and working closely with the Jemez Department of Resource Protection. Furthermore, this study will develop and refine new techniques for non-destructive archaeological studies (ie: no excavation), serving as a methodological template for future projects. Finally, this research contributes to the training of a young scientist, providing instruction and experience in architectural and ceramic analysis as well as non-destructive geophysical sensing techniques that will aid in future investigations of ancestral Puebloan archaeology.