Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Guadalupe Mesa Archaeological Project: An Archaeological Examination of Pueblo Revolt-Era Revitalization

在Robert Preucel博士的指导下，Matthew Liebmann将在新墨西哥州北部的Jemez山脉进行考古实地考察。本研究将集中于17世纪普韦布洛印第安人对西班牙殖民的反应，特别是可追溯到普韦布洛起义时期（公元1680-1696年）的遗址。1680年，普韦布洛人联合起来发动叛乱，将欧洲殖民者赶出了普韦布洛的土地，这被称为“第一次美国革命”。在12年的时间里，他们摆脱了西班牙的统治，在这段独立时期，起义的领导人鼓励他们的人民摆脱西班牙的影响，回到传统的、前西班牙人的生活方式。这项研究将重点放在普韦布洛起义后，杰梅斯普韦布洛部落建造和占领的遗址的建筑和陶瓷上。这项研究的重要性主要有三个原因：1)它将有助于填补历史记录的空白。西班牙文献详细描述了1680年之前和1692年之后新墨西哥发生的事情；然而，人们对1680-1692年普韦布洛独立期间发生的事件知之甚少。Liebmann的研究将解决我们对普韦布洛世界，特别是杰梅兹地区，在这个动荡时期所发生的事件的认识上的这一空白。普韦布洛人起义及其后果对现代普韦布洛文化和社会的形成至关重要，对普韦布洛印第安人的政治组织、宗教和建筑产生了深远的影响。这项研究将有助于我们理解普韦布洛文化的发展，为杰梅兹地区接触前和现代普韦布洛文化之间提供关键的联系。3)普韦布洛人起义是一种被称为复兴运动的突出人类学现象的一个例子，在这种现象中，人们试图摆脱外来影响，回归“传统”的生活方式。研究表明，这些运动是跨文化发生的，而且很可能贯穿人类历史。然而，以前没有大规模的研究试图检查文献记载的振兴运动的相关材料。这个项目将通过对1680年普韦布洛人起义的考古调查来帮助纠正这种情况。这样做，这项研究将建立一个基线，未来的考古研究振兴运动可以工作。除了人类学家和历史学家感兴趣的研究问题之外，该项目还将通过与杰梅斯·普韦布洛的合作，建立网络并加强美洲原住民和考古社区之间的伙伴关系，产生更广泛的影响。这项研究将通过雇用来自杰梅斯普韦布洛的项目实习生，并与杰梅斯资源保护部密切合作，帮助增加土著人民对考古的参与。此外，这项研究将发展和完善非破坏性考古研究（即：不挖掘）的新技术，作为未来项目的方法模板。最后，这项研究有助于培养年轻的科学家，提供建筑和陶瓷分析方面的指导和经验，以及非破坏性的地球物理传感技术，这些技术将有助于未来对普韦布洛人祖先考古的调查。

Under the supervision of Dr. Robert Preucel, Matthew Liebmann will conduct archaeological fieldwork in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. This research will focus on Pueblo Indian responses to Spanish colonization in the seventeenth century-specifically, sites dating to the Pueblo Revolt period (AD 1680-1696). In 1680, the Pueblo peoples banded together in rebellion, forcing their European colonizers out of Pueblo lands in what has been called "the first American Revolution." For twelve years they lived free from Spanish rule, a time of independence in which leaders of the Revolt encouraged their people to rid themselves of Spanish influences and return to traditional, pre-Hispanic ways of life. This study will focus on the architecture and ceramics of sites built and occupied by the Jemez Pueblo tribe in the wake of the Pueblo Revolt.This study is important for three main reasons: 1) it will help to fill in gaps in the historical record. Spanish documents detail what happened in New Mexico before 1680 and after 1692; however, much less in known about the events that occurred during the years of Pueblo independence from 1680-1692. Liebmann's research will address this gap in our knowledge regarding events in the Pueblo world, and specifically the Jemez area, during this tumultuous time. 2) The Pueblo Revolt and its aftermath was crucial in the formation of modern Pueblo culture and society, and had profound effects on the political organization, religion, and architecture of the Pueblo Indians. This research will aid in our understanding of the development of Pueblo culture, providing critical links between pre-Contact and modern Pueblo culture in the Jemez region. 3) The Pueblo Revolt is an example of a prominent anthropological phenomenon known as a revitalization movement, in which peoples attempt to rid themselves of foreign influences and return to "traditional" ways of life. Studies have demonstrated that these movements occur cross-culturally and in all likelihood, throughout human history. Yet no previous large-scale study has attempted to examine the material correlates of a documented revitalization movement. This project will help to redress this situation through the archaeological examination of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. In so doing, this research will establish a baseline from which future archaeological studies of revitalization movements can work. Beyond research questions of interest to anthropologists and historians, this project will have a broader impact through collaboration with Jemez Pueblo, building networks and enhancing partnerships between the Native American and archaeological communities. This research will help to increase the participation of indigenous peoples in archaeology by hiring project interns from Jemez Pueblo and working closely with the Jemez Department of Resource Protection. Furthermore, this study will develop and refine new techniques for non-destructive archaeological studies (ie: no excavation), serving as a methodological template for future projects. Finally, this research contributes to the training of a young scientist, providing instruction and experience in architectural and ceramic analysis as well as non-destructive geophysical sensing techniques that will aid in future investigations of ancestral Puebloan archaeology.