Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Life and Death at Brothertown, An Archaeology of Endurance

兄弟城项目（克雷格奇波拉和兄弟城印第安民族之间的合作）的主要目标是探索兄弟城印第安人在18世纪和20世纪之间谈判他们的身份的过程。在此期间，兄弟城的印第安人社区接受了基督教，采用了英语，并消费了大量生产的非本土物质文化。该项目建议，首先，审查不断变化的埋葬做法所实施的兄弟城印第安人作为一个指数的社区的身份转变。第二，调查住宅和土地使用模式，有助于这种不断变化的身份。为了实现这些目标，兄弟城项目将绘制纽约和威斯康星州所有已知的兄弟城墓地的地图，对所有在其中发现的墓碑进行编目，并使用探地雷达探测未标记的坟墓。除了墓地分析，兄弟城定居点的历史地图将在个人和家庭地块的空间分布方面进行分析。将这些模式与墓地中坟墓的空间分布进行比较，将有助于深入了解居住空间和墓地空间与社区内新兴社会差异的关系。拟议的活动对历史考古学和墓地研究具有特定的智力价值。该项目使用了几种新的方法和理论方法。首先，它不是只关注墓碑图像，而是将整个墓地作为一个分析单位。这包括石头的大小，形状和材料沿着与整体空间布局。这些额外的证据扩展了历史考古学和其他地方对墓地的经典方法。其次，本研究将墓地与居住模式进行比较，以获得生活中的兄弟城与死亡中的兄弟城之间的新联系。通过将这两种不同类型的空间并置在一起，将兄弟镇社区的日常生活与纪念他们祖先和过去的墓地联系起来，预计这样的比较将提供新的视角。那些在18世纪世纪形成兄弟镇社区的人大多会说英语。与兄弟镇相关的丰富的文献记录在美洲原住民历史中是罕见的，这些历史通常基于口头和民族历史记录。就殖民和后殖民背景下土著人民的人类学和考古学而言，兄弟城背景所允许的"内部人"视角可能会阐明殖民和后殖民社会谈判的复杂性，而且肯定会允许对所分析的墓地和居住模式进行更细致的解释。从最广泛的意义上说，这个项目将是人类学和其他社会科学研究的物质文化和大众消费的兴趣，因为它探讨了一个特定的社区经历了社会转型，因为它改变了纪念活动，纳入大规模生产的墓碑。拟议的项目对兄弟城印第安民族和威斯康星州历史悠久的兄弟城的许多非土著居民也很重要，因为它将采取行动保护墓碑上的历史信息，并提高公众对当地历史的认识。

The main objective of the Brothertown Project (a collaboration between Craig Cipolla and the Brothertown Indian Nation) is to explore the processes by which the Brothertown Indians negotiated their identities between the 18th and 20th centuries. During this period, the Brothertown Indian community embraced Christianity, adopted the English language, and consumed an abundance of mass-produced non-Native material culture. The project proposes, first, to examine the changing burial practices implemented by the Brothertown Indians as an index of the community's shifting identity. Second, to investigate the residential and land-use patterns that contributed to this changing identity. To accomplish these objectives, the Brothertown Project will map all known Brothertown cemeteries in New York and Wisconsin, catalogue all gravestones found within, and use ground penetrating radar to detect unmarked graves. In addition to the cemetery analysis, historic maps of the Brothertown settlements will be analyzed in terms of spatial distributions of individual and family plots. The comparison of these patterns with the spatial distributions of graves in cemeteries will offer insights into the ways that lived spaces and cemetery spaces related to emerging social distinctions within the community. The proposed activity has specific intellectual merit for historical archaeology and cemetery studies. This project makes use of several new methods and theoretical approaches. First, instead of focusing only on gravestone iconography, it takes the entire cemetery into account as a unit of analysis. This includes stone sizes, shapes, and materials along with overall spatial layouts. These additional lines of evidence expand on classic approaches to graveyards in historical archaeology and elsewhere. Second, this study compares cemetery and residential patterns in order to gain new links between Brothertown in life and Brothertown in death. It is anticipated that such a comparison will offer new perspectives by juxtaposing these two distinct types of spaces, linking the everyday life of the Brothertown community to the cemeteries that commemorated their ancestors and their pasts.Those that formed the Brothertown community in the 18th century were mostly literate in the English language. The rich documentary record associated with Brothertown is rare in terms of Native American histories which are typically based on oral and ethnohistoric records. In terms of the anthropology and archaeology of indigenous peoples in colonial and postcolonial contexts, the "insider" perspective that the Brothertown context allows will likely shed light on the complexities of colonial and postcolonial social negotiations and it will certainly allow for more nuanced interpretation of the cemetery and residential patterns under analysis. In the broadest sense, this project will be of interest to anthropological and other social scientific studies of material culture and mass consumption as it explores the social transitions one particular community went through as it transformed its commemoration practices to incorporate mass-produced gravestones. The proposed project is also important for the Brothertown Indian Nation and many non-indigenous residents of historic Brothertown, Wisconsin as it will act to preserve historic information contained on gravestones and increase public awareness of local histories.