Collaborative Research. Categorical Social Perception and Evaluations: A Research Synthesis

对刻板印象的研究集中在感知者根据刻板印象群体的成员身份来判断他人的方式上。社会心理学理论一致认为，有一些重要的变量可以调节刻板印象对判断的影响。这些调节因素包括分类信息和个性化信息之间的契合度、相互依赖相关的动机、准确性动机和认知繁忙度。此外，一些理论模型还确定了以下调节变量：相对权力、评价指标的主观性、评价对象的内群体成员相对于评价者的内群体成员以及个性化信息的类型。对这一庞大的研究群体尚未进行全面的综合研究。鉴于指导本文献的各种理论观点以及对该主题进行的大量研究，这样的综合将具有科学价值，并将为未来的研究做出有益的贡献。提出的研究综合有三大目标。我们的主要目标之一是回答与刻板印象有关的过程的广泛问题。我们的一般问题是：哪些理论相关和方法相关的变量缓和了刻板印象信息对他人判断的影响？我们的另一个主要目标是批判性地检查这些文献，以理解为什么相关研究揭示了各种不一致的结果。我们的最终目标是具体说明仍未解决的问题，并为进一步研究陈规定型观念和偏见提供明确的办法。实现这些目标将对我们对陈规定型观念和偏见的科学理解作出重大贡献。为了实现我们的目标，我们将对关注刻板印象和判断的文献进行荟萃分析。符合条件的研究将被系统地编码为确定的主持人。此外，我们将计算许多不同类型的效应大小，以利用可用的数据集以及解决各种不同的理论方法。同样在追求我们的第三个目标时，我们将使用定量（元分析）和叙述技术来利用这两种方法的优势。全面的研究综合将有助于整理关于刻板印象和判断的研究成果，并为这一领域的研究注入活力。这个项目很可能会对各个学科的研究产生广泛的影响，包括心理学、社会学、教育、商业和法律。此外，研究综合将告知我们在重要的社会领域，包括学校，工作场所和法庭的刻板印象和偏见的理解。

Research on stereotyping has focused on the ways in which perceivers judge others on the basis of their memberships in stereotyped groups. Theories of social psychology agree that there are important variables that moderate the influence of stereotypes on judgments. These moderators include fit between categorical and individuating information, motives related to interdependency, motives for accuracy, and cognitive busyness. Also, some theoretical models have identified the following moderating variables: relative power, subjectivity of evaluative index, ingroup membership of the target vis-a-vis ingroup membership of the evaluator, and type of individuating information. No comprehensive research synthesis has been conducted on this large body of research. Given the variety of theoretical perspectives that have guided this literature and the large number of studies that have been conducted on the topic, such a synthesis will be scientifically valuable and will profitably contribute to future research.There are three broad goals for the research synthesis proposed. One of our primary objectives is to answer broad questions about the processes related to stereotyping. Our general question is: What theoretically-relevant and methodologically-related variables moderate the influence of stereotypical information on the judgments of others? Another of our primary objectives is to critically examine this literature to understand why the relevant studies have revealed a variety of inconsistent results. Our final goal is specify the issues that remain unresolved and to reveal clear prescriptions for further research on stereotyping and prejudice. The accomplishment of these objectives will make a significant contribution to our scientific understanding of stereotyping and prejudice.To accomplish our goals, we will conduct a meta-analysis on the literature focusing on stereotyping and judgments. The eligible studies will be systematically coded for the identified moderators. In addition, we will calculate a number of different types of effect sizes to utilize the available data set as well as to address a variety of different theoretical approaches. Also in pursuing our third objective, we will use both quantitative (meta-analysis) and narrative techniques to take advantage of the strengths of both approaches. The comprehensive research synthesis will usefully organize the findings on stereotyping and judgments as well as invigorate research in this area. It is likely that this project will have a broad impact on research in a variety of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, education, business, and law. Additionally, the research synthesis will inform our understanding of stereotyping and prejudice in important societal realms, including schools, the workplace, and the courtroom.