Baseline Methods for Reconstructing United States 19th Century Climatic Extremes from Historical Data

基线方法重建美国19世纪世纪气候极端事件的历史数据拟议的研究将提供一个方法学基线重建大规模的历史气候极端事件的北美和邻近的海洋，将早期的仪器和文献气候数据整合在一起。 每日世纪的气温，降水频率，降水量将被纠正，使他们直接与现代仪器记录的数据实践。 这些方法在现代每小时天气数据校准方法的帮助下，将直接适用于重建19世纪任何一年的前现代气候，并能够构建每日天气图。 这些方法将具体应用于全国范围内1848年11月至1849年11月的天气数据，以及次区域范围内1861年至1862年冬季和1860年暖季的天气数据。 新发现的历史数据将从陆上日记、永久定居点记录和海上档案中提取。 这些极端气候为检验这些方法重建历史气候提供了理想的气候对比。 该项目还将提供宝贵的信息，因为它涉及到气候对向西移民的显著影响、沙漠的神话、与霍乱的联系、北极的捕鲸活动、对平原和美国南部的农业影响以及前所未有的洪水和寒潮。

Baseline Methods for Reconstructing United States 19th Century Climatic Extremes from Historical DataThe proposed research will provide a methodological baseline for reconstructing large-scale historical climatic extremes for North America and the adjacent oceans by integrating early instrumental and documentary climate data together. Daily nineteenth century air temperatures, precipitation frequencies, and precipitation magnitude will be corrected to make them directly comparable with data practices of the modern instrumental record. These methods, aided by calibration methods from modern hourly weather data, will be directly applicable to reconstructing the pre-modern climate for any year in the nineteenth century and enable the construction of daily weather maps. The methods will be specifically applied to weather data from November 1848-November 1849 at the national scale; and the winter of 1861-1862 and the warm-season of 1860 at subregional scales. Newly discovered historical data will be extracted from overland diaries, records from permanent settlements, and maritime archives. These climatic extremes provide ideal climatic contrasts for testing these methods for historical climate reconstruction. The project will also contribute valuable information as it concerns prominent climatic impacts on westward emigration, the myth of the desert, linkages to cholera, whaling activity in the Arctic, agricultural impacts on the Plains and American South, and unprecedented flooding and cold waves.