Baseline Methods for Reconstructing United States 19th Century Climatic Extremes from Historical Data

从历史数据重建美国19世纪气候极端的基线方法拟议的研究将通过将早期仪器和文献气候数据整合在一起，为重建北美和邻近海洋的大规模历史气候极端提供一种方法基线。19世纪的每日气温、降水频率和降雨量将经过修正，以便与现代仪器记录的数据实践直接进行比较。这些方法辅以现代每小时天气数据的校准方法，将直接适用于重建19世纪任何一年的前现代气候，并能够构建每日天气图。这些方法将具体应用于国家尺度的1848年11月至1849年11月以及次区域尺度的1861-1862年冬季和1860年暖季的天气数据。新发现的历史数据将从陆上日记、永久居民点记录和海洋档案中提取。这些极端气候为检验这些重建历史气候的方法提供了理想的气候对比。该项目还将提供有价值的信息，因为它涉及对向西移民的突出气候影响、沙漠的神话、与霍乱的联系、北极的捕鲸活动、对平原和美国南部的农业影响，以及前所未有的洪水和寒潮。

Baseline Methods for Reconstructing United States 19th Century Climatic Extremes from Historical DataThe proposed research will provide a methodological baseline for reconstructing large-scale historical climatic extremes for North America and the adjacent oceans by integrating early instrumental and documentary climate data together. Daily nineteenth century air temperatures, precipitation frequencies, and precipitation magnitude will be corrected to make them directly comparable with data practices of the modern instrumental record. These methods, aided by calibration methods from modern hourly weather data, will be directly applicable to reconstructing the pre-modern climate for any year in the nineteenth century and enable the construction of daily weather maps. The methods will be specifically applied to weather data from November 1848-November 1849 at the national scale; and the winter of 1861-1862 and the warm-season of 1860 at subregional scales. Newly discovered historical data will be extracted from overland diaries, records from permanent settlements, and maritime archives. These climatic extremes provide ideal climatic contrasts for testing these methods for historical climate reconstruction. The project will also contribute valuable information as it concerns prominent climatic impacts on westward emigration, the myth of the desert, linkages to cholera, whaling activity in the Arctic, agricultural impacts on the Plains and American South, and unprecedented flooding and cold waves.