The Trouble with Reality: World Appropriation and World View in the Lives and Works of Leading Marxists 1871-1914

建立在“对现实的激进研究”（卡尔·马克思）基础上的理论与实践的融合是马克思主义世界观的中心思想和最终目标。我的项目旨在重建九位主要马克思主义政治家的经历和遭遇，以及19世纪末和20世纪初在四个欧洲国家（德国、奥地利、法国和俄罗斯）工人的生活和工作条件。它调查了这些马克思主义者如何评估和整合这些经验到他们的理论和政治实践著作。我的项目着重于对现实的具体参考，以及相关来源（主要是自我文件和政治著作）中记载的挪用现实的同时的个人模式，我的项目认真地考虑了马克思主义对现实的纲领性求助：它试图超越仅仅以理论为中心的马克思主义思想史，它在个人生活世界（Lebenswelten）的背景下重新审视了这一政治理念的谱系，并旨在分析世界占有或认知（Weltaneignung）与世界观（Weltanschauung）之间的相互作用。分析的重点是在理论和政治实践上都在各自国家的社会民主运动中上升到领导地位的九位欧洲马克思主义者：卡尔·考茨基、爱德华·伯恩斯坦、罗莎·卢森堡、维克多·阿德勒、让·焦勒斯、儒勒·盖德、乔治·v·普莱恰诺、弗拉基米尔·列宁和普约特·b·斯特鲁夫。本研究的目的是探讨世界占有与世界观之间明显但很少被探索的联系。我观察到，所有的主人公在35岁左右的时候都在他们的政党或运动中取得了领导地位，并发表了一些最具影响力的文章，受此启发，我的分析集中在成年之前的个人社会化进入马克思主义。它将主要讨论世界占有的个人模式（即归纳-演绎，灵活-僵化，自发-深思熟虑）是否以及以何种方式塑造和决定了政治世界观以及政治实践的方法和手段。毕竟，在“现实感”（以赛亚·伯林）和人们所谓的政治脾气之间存在着什么联系？例如，声称：头脑越理论化，手就越激进，这是否合理？

The fusion of theory and practice based on the 'radical study of reality' (Karl Marx) was central thought and final goal of the Marxist worldview. My project seeks to reconstruct the experiences and encounters of nine leading Marxist politicians with the living and working conditions of workers during the late 19th and early 20th century in four European countries: Germany, Austria, France, and Russia. It investigates how these Marxists evaluated and integrated these experiences into their theoretical and political-practical writings. Focusing on concrete references to reality and the concurrent individual modes of appropriating reality documented in the relevant sources, mainly ego-documents and political writings, my project takes Marxisms programmatic recourse to reality seriously: it seeks to go beyond the mere theory-focused intellectual history of Marxism, it revisits the genealogy of this political idea in context of the individual life-worlds (Lebenswelten) and aims at analyzing the interplay between world appropriation or cognition (Weltaneignung) and world view (Weltanschauung) in the lives and works of its leading protagonists. The analysis focuses on those nine European Marxists who, both theoretically and political-practically, had risen to leadership positions in the social democratic movement of their respective country: Karl Kautsky, Eduard Bernstein, Rosa Luxemburg, Victor Adler, Jean Jaures, Jules Guesde, Georgij V. Plechanow, Wladimir I. Lenin und Pjotr B. Struve. It is the aim of this study to probe the obvious but little explored nexus between world appropriation and worldview. Inspired by the observation that all protagonists by their mid-thirties had achieved a leading position within their party or movement and had published some of their most influential texts, my analysis focuses on the individual socialization into Marxism up until adulthood. It will mainly discuss whether and in which ways the individual mode of world appropriation (i.e. inductive-deductive, flexible-rigid, spontaneous-deliberate) shaped and determined a political world view and the methods and means of political practice. Which connection existed, after all, between a 'sense of reality' (Isaiah Berlin) and what one could call political temper - is it reasonable to claim, for example: the more theoretical the head, the more radical the hand?