Fruit to the Country - Development of Rural Areas via Administrative Horticultural Tansfer in the Kingdom of Hanover through the period from 1815 to 1866

“向国家结出果实”。作为正在进行的项目“Amtshausgärten”(地方总督所在地的花园)的延续，该项目考察了汉诺威王国从1815年到1866年期间园艺和果树栽培的发展情况。在政府行政管理的支持下，园林文化成为农村发展必不可少的工具。我们的研究集中在两个方面：(1)分析了19世纪30年代以来改革后的制度的实施情况和效率；(2)识别和评价了参与者、他们的网络以及他们对园艺转移的影响。先前的和仍在进行的项目探讨了1770年开始的国家资助制度的第一个长达六十年的时期。我们研究了Herrenhausen的中央苗圃，这是全国范围内果树的系统分布，我们看看地方州长座位周围的花园，那里种植的树木是为了指导当地居民，想必也是为了州长的快乐。我们赢得了对18世纪下半叶汉诺威地区园艺艺术状况的基本新见解。新项目将探索发展的下一步(1815-1866年)，其特点是进一步下放权力。当地建立了苗圃，在公共场所种植果树以供展示和指导，并提供园艺培训。新制度更多地依赖于地方主动性和权威，这就是为什么我们必须研究地方行为者、它们的责任范围和它们的影响。农业协会和园艺协会等园艺俱乐部发挥着特殊的作用，国家当局和公民社会在这里进行了密切联系。到目前为止，有关19世纪下半叶德国果业发展的出版物仅以当代文学为基础。在我们的项目中，我们将探索公共行政保存的丰富的档案材料，从而开辟新的研究领域。我们将在三个层面上做到这一点：首先是全州范围内对活动和参与者的量化分析。其次是对希尔德斯海姆地区的分析，在那里我们将尝试在区域范围内重组和比较各种文书和专业网络。第三，我们将在地方层面上进行几个定性的案例研究，以演示该系统在各种情况下是如何工作的。

'Fruit to the Country'. Continuation of the ongoing project 'Amtshausgärten' (Gardens at the seats of local governors)The project examines the development of horti- and pomiculture in the Kingdom of Hanover through the period from 1815 to 1866. Supported by government administration, garden culture became an essential tool for the development of rural areas. Our investigation focuses on two aspects: (I) we analyze the implementation and efficiency of the reformed system since the 1830s, and (II) we identify and evaluate the actors, their networks and their influence on the horticultural transfer. The preceding and still ongoing project explores the sixty-year-lasting first period of the state funded system initiated in 1770. We study the central tree nursery in Herrenhausen, the countrywide systematic distribution of fruit trees and we look at the gardens around the seats of local governors, where a choice of the trees was planted for instruction of the local population and, presumably, for the governor's pleasure. We won essential new insights on the state of the art of horticulture in the Hanover-territory in the second half of the 18th Century. The new project will explore the next step (1815-1866) in the development, characterized by a further decentralization. Local tree nurseries were established, fruit trees were planted in public spaces for display and instruction, training in horticulture was offered. The new system relied much more on local initiative and authority, which is why we have to look at local actors, their span of responsibilities and their impact. A special role is played by garden clubs, like the Agricultural Society and the Horticultural Society, where state authority and civil society came into close contact. Up to now, publications on the development of pomiculture in Germany in the second half of the 19th Century are based on contemporary literature only. In our project, we will explore the rich archival materials preserved by public administration and thus open up new field of research. We will do this on three levels: First comes a state-wide quantitative analysis of activities and actors. Second comes an analysis of the district of Hildesheim, where we will try to reconstitute and compare the various instruments and professional networks on a regional scale. Third, we will do several qualitative case studies on a local level, to demonstrate how the system worked in a variety of circumstances.