CHACOAN EXPANSION OR EMULATION OF THE CHACOAN SYSTEM? THE EMERGENCE OF AZTEC, SALMON, AND OTHER GREAT HOUSE COMMUNITIES IN THE MIDDLE SAN JUAN

Chacoan 扩展还是 Chacoan 系统的模拟？

• 批准号: 0520579
• 负责人: Paul Reed
• 金额: $ 20万
• 依托单位: Archaeology Southwest
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-09-01 至 2009-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0520579&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: CHACOAN; EXPANSION; EMULATION; SYSTEM; EMERGENCE

With National Science Foundation (NSF) support, a team of researchers assembled by the Center for Desert Archaeology (CDA) will investigate the ancient pueblo towns of Aztec and Salmon in the Middle San Juan region of northwest New Mexico. In the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, Aztec and Salmon rapidly emerged as important regional centers near the end of Chaco's ascendancy. How did these communities develop? What factors account for Chacoan influence in the Middle San Juan region? Do the data support Chacoan migration or , rather, exchange and emulation of Chacoan traits by local groups? These questions have been the subject of inquiry for nearly a century by archaeologists. Earl Morris, working at Aztec Ruins in the early part of the 20th century, recognized its importance for understanding Puebloan history of the greater San Juan region. Cynthia Irwin-Williams and her colleagues in the 1970s explored Chacoan colonization and migration at Salmon Ruins, and provided preliminary answers to these questions. Yet, these archaeological pioneers only began to tackle these complex issues.Research by the CDA team indicates Chacoan influence in the Middle San Juan region by the late 11th century, with initial settlement at Salmon Pueblo, and later settlement of a larger group at great houses in the Aztec Community. In addition to these large sites, a number of smaller communities in the region exhibit evidence of Chacoan influence, including Jaquez, Flora Vista, and the Holmes Group. NSF-funded research by team members will focus on architecture, ceramics, textiles, basketry, and other perishable artifacts from Aztec, Salmon, and smaller communities in the region. Drawing upon recent methodological advances using low- and high-visibility attributes of architecture and different artifact classes, processes of migration and emulation in the Middle San Juan will be discerned. Project team members will analyze relevant collections from various museums and conduct new fieldwork to: 1) examine which of two processes account for the presence of Chacoan traits: migration by groups from Chaco Canyon; or emulation of Chacoan architecture and other material culture by local Middle San Juan group; or some combination of these processes; and 2) track the development of Aztec and Salmon into economic and ritual centers as the Chacoan system declined.Recent research on migration has expanded our understanding of population movements in the ancient American Southwest. The Emergence of Aztec and Salmon project will be an important addition to this research, implementing a refined methodology in an area in which migration has not been systematically studied. In addition, the project will make a significant contribution to Chacoan archaeology, and help realize the potential of the earlier, pivotal research of Earl Morris and Cynthia Irwin-Williams.The study of Chacoan influence in the Middle San Juan will have a broad impact on the public's understanding of ancient Puebloan archaeology and history in the northwest New Mexico and across the Four Corners region. Prior interpretation of the ancient communities of Aztec and Salmon (and the surrounding Middle San Juan area) has emphasized waves of people: first from Chaco Canyon, and later, from the Mesa Verde area in southwest Colorado. New research has questioned these long-standing assumptions and suggests that local people played an important role in the development of these communities. The current proposal brings together state-of-the-art research and study of existing collections to investigate the role played by the Chacoans in the origins of the Aztec and Salmon pueblos.

在美国国家科学基金会（NSF）的支持下，由沙漠考古中心（CDA）组建的一个研究小组将对新墨西哥州西北部圣胡安中部地区的阿兹特克和萨尔蒙古普韦布洛城镇进行调查。在11世纪末和12世纪初，阿兹特克和萨尔蒙迅速成为查科统治末期的重要区域中心。这些社区是如何发展的？是什么因素导致了查科人对圣胡安中部地区的影响？这些数据是否支持查科人迁移，或者更确切地说，支持当地群体交换和模仿查科人的特征？近一个世纪以来，考古学家一直在研究这些问题。厄尔·莫里斯在20世纪早期在阿兹特克遗址工作，认识到它对了解大圣胡安地区普韦布洛人历史的重要性。辛西娅·欧文-威廉姆斯和她的同事在20世纪70年代探索了查科人在萨尔蒙遗址的殖民和迁徙，并为这些问题提供了初步的答案。然而，这些考古学先驱才刚刚开始解决这些复杂的问题。CDA小组的研究表明，查科人在11世纪后期对圣胡安中部地区产生了影响，最初在萨尔蒙普韦布洛定居，后来在阿兹特克社区的大房子里定居了一个更大的群体。除了这些大型遗址外，该地区的一些较小的社区也显示出查科人的影响，包括贾克斯、弗洛拉维斯塔和霍姆斯集团。由nsf资助的团队成员的研究将集中在建筑、陶瓷、纺织品、编织和其他来自阿兹特克、鲑鱼和该地区较小社区的易腐文物上。利用最近的方法进步，使用低可见性和高可见性的体系结构属性以及不同的工件类，在圣胡安中部的迁移和模拟过程将被识别出来。项目团队成员将分析来自各个博物馆的相关藏品，并开展新的实地调查，以：1)研究两种过程中的哪一种解释了查科特征的存在：查科峡谷群体的迁徙；或当地中圣胡安群体对查科建筑和其他物质文化的模仿；或者是这些过程的结合；2)追踪随着查科人体系衰落，阿兹特克人和萨尔蒙人发展成为经济和仪式中心的过程。最近对移民的研究扩大了我们对古代美国西南部人口流动的理解。阿兹特克人和鲑鱼的出现项目将是这项研究的重要补充，在一个尚未系统研究移民的领域实施一种改进的方法。此外，该项目将对查科考古学做出重大贡献，并有助于实现厄尔·莫里斯和辛西娅·欧文-威廉姆斯早期关键研究的潜力。查科人对圣胡安中部的影响的研究将对公众对新墨西哥州西北部和整个四角地区古代普韦布洛人考古和历史的理解产生广泛的影响。先前对阿兹特克人和萨尔蒙（以及周围的中圣胡安地区）的古老社区的解释强调了移民潮：首先来自查科峡谷，后来来自科罗拉多州西南部的梅萨维德地区。新的研究对这些长期存在的假设提出了质疑，并表明当地人在这些社区的发展中发挥了重要作用。目前的提案汇集了最先进的研究和对现有藏品的研究，以调查查科人在阿兹特克和萨尔蒙普韦布洛人起源中所扮演的角色。