Starter Grant: Molecular Detection of Diverse Arsenic Transforming Prokaryotes and Their Activities in Estuarine Sediments.

砷被美国环境保护局列为致癌物质，该机构将饮用水中的最高砷含量从50 ppb降低到10 ppb，以防止大量癌症死亡和其他疾病。环境中发现的砷污染物水平与参与砷转化的微生物活动密切相关。为了了解砷生物转化的生理学和遗传学，人们对不同的微生物菌株进行了研究。然而，环境中砷转化的原位微生物活动尚未得到很好的记录，未培植的砷转化菌的多样性也没有得到充分的阐明。已经开发了分子工具来检测环境样品中的砷转化器，并确定切萨皮克湾沉积物中各种未培养的砷转化细菌的存在。在以往研究的基础上，该项目将通过量化编码砷转化的功能基因来原位确定砷转化的微生物活性。此外，还将利用环境基因组学方法获取沉积物群落中未培养的土著砷转化微生物，以检查它们的基因组多样性。因此，这项拟议的研究将更好地了解与自然沉积物中砷转化相关的一般微生物多样性和特定的相互作用。这项研究的更广泛的意义在于对沉积物中砷的动力学获得了严格的见解。这项研究的结果对于评估砷在地下水系统中的去向和迁移也具有重要意义。这项研究还将为研究生和本科生(高级荣誉)的教育和培训提供支持。

Arsenic is classified as a carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which lowered the allowable maximum arsenic levels in drinking water from 50 ppb to 10 ppb to prevent a significant number of cancer death and other illnesses. The levels of arsenic contaminants found in environments are strongly related to microbial activities involved in arsenic transformation. Diverse microbial isolates have been investigated to understand the physiology and genetics of arsenic biotransformation. However, in situ microbial activities of arsenic transformation in the environment have not been well documented and the diversity of uncultivated arsenic transformers has not been fully elucidated. Molecular tools have been developed to detect arsenic transformers from environmental samples and determine the presence of diverse uncultured arsenic-transforming bacteria in Chesapeake Bay sediments. Building upon previous studies, this project will determine in situ microbial activities of arsenic transformation by quantifying the functional genes encoding arsenic transformation. In addition, uncultured indigenous arsenic-transforming microorganisms in sediment communities will be accessed using environmental genomic approaches to examine their genomic diversity. Thus, this proposed research will provide better understanding of general microbial diversity and specific interactions related to arsenic transformation in natural sediments.The broader significance of this research consists of the rigorous insights gained into the dynamics of arsenic in sediments. Results of this research are also of importance to assess the fate and transport of arsenic in groundwater systems. This research will also support the education and training of graduate and undergraduate (senior honors) students.