Sacred Values in Decision Making and Cultural Conflict

决策中的神圣价值观和文化冲突

• 批准号: 0527396
• 负责人: Scott Atran
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-09-15 至 2010-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0527396&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Sacred; Values; Decision; Making; Cultural

This research probes human behavior that seems motivated "independently of its prospect of success," that is, by Sacred Values that often involve ethical or religious beliefs. The hypothesis is that sacred values - which encompass aspects of what philosophers, political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists call moral, non-instrumental or protected values - are critical in generating and sustaining culturally distinct and often conflicting political and resource-management systems that people deem essential to cultural survival. To better understand and deal with this issue, the research: 1) provides a comprehensive theoretical framework and wide-ranging empirical analysis of the role of sacred values in judgment and decision making, and 2) shows how sacred values inform issues relating to cultural conflict. Results are geared to: 3) further possibilities for negotiation and adjudication of conflicting values over transcultural boundaries, and 4) reduce the threat of violence as people attempt to implement these values in an increasingly global competition for political, social and economic resources.Current risk management approaches to resolving resource conflicts or countering terrorism often assume adversaries model the world on the basis of rational choices that are commensurable across cultures. Such assumptions are prevalent in risk assessment and modeling by foreign aid and international development projects run by institutions such as the World Bank and many NGOs, and by U.S. diplomatic, military and intelligence services as well. Psychological experiments, anthropological fieldwork and political science surveys relating to social conflicts over natural resources and terrorism encourage exploration of whether culturally distinct value frameworks constrain preferences and choices in ways not readily translatable (fungible, substitutable) across frameworks. Planning and acting in ignorance or disregard of different value frameworks may exacerbate conflict, with grievous loss of national treasure and lives.

这项研究探讨了人类行为的动机似乎“独立于其成功的前景”，也就是说，由神圣的价值观，往往涉及道德或宗教信仰。假设是，神圣价值观--包括哲学家、政治学家、社会学家、人类学家和心理学家所说的道德价值观、非工具价值观或受保护的价值观--对于产生和维持文化独特且往往相互冲突的政治和资源管理系统至关重要。人们认为这些系统对文化生存至关重要。为了更好地理解和处理这一问题，本研究：1）提供了一个全面的理论框架和广泛的实证分析，神圣的价值观在判断和决策中的作用，2）显示了神圣的价值观如何告知有关文化冲突的问题。成果的目的是：3）在跨文化边界上对冲突价值观进行谈判和裁决的进一步可能性，以及4）减少暴力威胁，因为人们试图在日益全球化的政治竞争中实施这些价值观，当前解决资源冲突或打击恐怖主义的风险管理方法通常假设对手在理性选择的基础上对世界进行建模，cultures.这种假设在世界银行和许多非政府组织等机构以及美国外交、军事和情报部门的对外援助和国际发展项目的风险评估和建模中普遍存在。与自然资源和恐怖主义的社会冲突有关的心理学实验、人类学实地考察和政治学调查鼓励人们探索文化上不同的价值框架是否以不容易跨框架翻译（可替代、可替代）的方式限制偏好和选择。在规划和行动时无视或无视不同的价值框架，可能会加剧冲突，造成国家财富和生命的严重损失。