Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Landscape, Memory, and Society: An Ethnohistoric-Archaeological Study of Three Hawaiian Communities

在帕特里克·V·基尔奇博士的监督下，马克·D·麦考伊将分析他在夏威夷莫洛卡岛的卡劳帕帕半岛考古发掘中收集的材料。卡劳帕帕半岛自然被悬崖隔绝，今天以其公元1866年建立的汉森病(麻风病)定居点而闻名。公元12世纪，夏威夷原住民在半岛上建立了几个社区，这些社区后来被并入更大的政体，最著名的是以该岛北岸为中心的科奥劳酋长领地。对考古学家来说，幸运的是，这一地区没有进行重大的现代开发，而是保存完好的农田、房屋地基以及一系列寺庙和神殿的所在地。利用对当地口头传统和考古田野调查的分析，该项目将确定定居点和农业发展的历史轨迹，以及较大的科奥劳酋长领地的兴衰。这项研究特别关注景观、社会记忆和社会发展之间的关系，以此作为更好地理解复杂等级社会演变的途径之一。这种综合办法的目的是发展一种成熟的夏威夷社会发展模式，考虑到内部社会政治动态和岛屿生态。该项目的结果将有助于历史人类学的发展，其中心是用来引出人类历史中的大型结构的受控比较。在该项目的第一阶段，通过考古和环境研究对卡拉奥帕帕田野系统进行了调查。密集的勘测、试掘和AMS放射性碳测年对房屋遗址和农业用地的材料有助于勾勒出该系统的发展年表。同时进行的一项土壤养分分析记录了与集约农业相关的风沙侵蚀加剧的有害影响。此外，口头传统还被用来定义当地传统历史或社会记忆的发展。该项目的最终目标--确定仪式建筑建造年表；通过石器文物分析描述资源的相互作用和差别获取；将数据整合到地理信息系统模型中--将使我们能够将实地系统的起源和发展与目前仅从口头传统中了解的当地社会政治历史联系起来。这项对卡劳帕帕田野系统的起源和科奥劳政体的兴起的研究采用了几种新颖的方法来研究夏威夷考古学和民族史。该项目将是莫洛卡岛上的第一个项目，目的是(1)用放射性碳测年一大群不同的仪式结构；(2)广泛测试普通内婚制和通过岩石源获得资源不平等的民族历史模式；(3)应用地理信息系统技术模拟地貌变化。在当地范围内，该项目通过公共宣传和与非营利组织Ka‘Ohana o KalauPapa合作，与社区建立了交流网络。此外，实地和实验室研究协助对本科生进行夏威夷考古实践方面的培训。

Under the supervision of Dr. Patrick V. Kirch, Mark D. McCoy will analyze material gathered during his archaeological excavations at sites on the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i. The Kalaupapa Peninsula, naturally isolated by cliffs, is today famous for its Hansen's disease (leprosy) settlement founded in A.D. 1866. In the 12th century A.D., Native Hawaiians established several communities on the peninsula that were later integrated into larger polities, most notably the Ko'olau chiefdom centered on the island's north shore. Fortunately for archaeologists, this area has escaped major modern development and is home to preserved agricultural fields, house foundations, and a range of temples and shrines. Using an analysis of local oral traditions and archaeological fieldwork, this project will define historical trajectories of settlement and agricultural development as well as the rise and fall of the larger Ko'olau chiefdom. This research focuses specifically on the relationship between landscape, social memory, and social development as one avenue to better understand the evolution of complex, hierarchical society. This holistic approach is aimed at developing a mature model of Hawaiian social development that accounts for internal socio-political dynamics as well as island ecology. The results of this project will contribute to the development of an historical anthropology centered on controlled comparisons used to elicit large structures in human history. In the project's first stage, the Kalaupapa Field System was investigated through archaeological and environmental studies. Intensive survey, test excavations, and AMS radiocarbon dates on material from house sites and agricultural plots contributed to outlining the system's developmental chronology. A concurrent soil nutrient analysis has documented the detrimental effect of increased aeolian erosion linked to intensive agriculture. In addition, oral traditions were used to define the development of local traditional history, or social memory. The project's final objectives - to define a ritual architecture construction chronology; to describe interaction and differential access to resources through lithic artifact analysis; and to integrate data into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) model - will allow us to link the origins and development of the field system to local socio-political history currently only known from oral traditions. This examination of the origins of the Kalaupapa Field System and the rise of the Ko'olau polity employs several approaches novel to Hawaiian archaeology and ethnohistory. The project will be the first on Moloka'i Island to (i) radiocarbon date a large, diverse group of ritual structures, (ii) extensively test ethnohistoric models of commoner endogamy and unequal access to resources through lithic sourcing, and (iii) apply Geographic Information System technology to model landscape change. On the local scale, the project builds communication networks with communities through public outreach and working with the non-profit group Ka 'Ohana o Kalaupapa. In addition, field and laboratory research aids in the training of undergraduate students in the practice of Hawaiian archaeology.