Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Transition from Chiefdom to Archaic State in Kaupo, Maui, Hawaiian Islands

博士论文改进补助金：夏威夷群岛毛伊岛考波从酋长国向古老国家的过渡

• 批准号: 1314978
• 负责人: Patrick Kirch
• 金额: $ 3.02万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-04-01 至 2014-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1314978&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Transition

When British explorers first arrived in Hawaii in 1778, they inadvertently became witness to a society in the final stages of a transition from chiefdom to archaic state. Under the supervision of Dr. Patrick Kirch, Alexander Baer will examine how this transformation affected communities through both time and space. Utilizing data collected from 2008-2012, this project will track the sociopolitical changes in the district of Kaupô, Maui, to understand how this region moved from a marginal hinterland to become the seat of Maui's royal power. Through analyses of archaeological remains, broad spatial surveys, rich oral tradition, and environmental conditions, Kaupô's history offers insights into the processes through which sociopolitical centralization fundamentally alters society from the largest scales of hierarchical organization and landscape modification down to the daily practices of the common people.At the threshold between chiefdoms and established state societies, archaic states provide a new framework through which to examine the rise of social complexity. Through Kaupô, this work will improve understanding of archaic states by examining the sociopolitical influence on a peripheral community as surrounding structures became increasingly complex. While traditionally referred to as a marginal community, the district suddenly came to prominence in the early 18th century as Maui's sixth king, Kekaulike, chose it as his royal seat. With this single move, Kaupô became home to the island's elite, and by European contact was a dominant district featuring an intensified agriculture system, a palace, and two lines of major temples bounding the region. This dichotomy of marginal community to core provides a discrete and narrowly dated cutoff, allowing for the generation of hypotheses surrounding sociopolitical development in the centuries prior to Kekaulike's arrival and the period following. To understand Kaupô's sociopolitical development, both prior to the arrival of Kekaulike as well as following, a suite of field projects and laboratory analyses have been conducted. Between 2008-2012, intensive survey of 6 km2 has been combined with remote sensing to generate a GIS database of settlement patterns across the landscape. Integrated within this database are the results of excavations at 27 different sites, each chosen for their size, location, and probable function to best represent the range of activities practiced in Kaupô. While analyses of the material culture found at these sites are in progress, no direct dating has been done to place these sites and practices within a temporal framework. Through NSF support, this project will conduct extensive radiocarbon dating, allowing for a chronological understanding of Kaupô's sociopolitical development.Beyond it's impact on scholarly understandings of archaic states and Hawaiian history, this project has, and will continue, to contribute extensively to the communities of Kaupô and greater Maui. Numerous community, business, and school groups have been taken throughout the region to gain a better understanding of past cultural practices, highlighted by an intensive, weeklong field school led Baer aimed at teaching Native Hawaiian high school students both the practice of archaeological excavation as well as the value of historical information. In partnering with local schools, including Kamehameha School and Seabury Academy, this project has established a framework for archaeological education that will continue in future collaborations. Work with local ranches, businesses, and landholders has been similarly productive, resulting in changes to cattle rotation and the removal of invasive plant species to safeguard the remaining cultural heritage. Through future publications and the establishment of Kaupô's unique and critical role in Hawaiian history, this project will continue its collaborations with different groups who similarly understand the importance of this place.

1778年，当英国探险家第一次到达夏威夷时，他们无意中见证了一个从酋长统治向古老国家过渡的最后阶段的社会。在Patrick Kirch博士的指导下，Alexander Baer将研究这种转变如何通过时间和空间影响社区。利用2008-2012年收集的数据，该项目将跟踪毛伊岛考波纳地区的社会政治变化，以了解该地区如何从边缘腹地转变为毛伊岛王室权力的所在地。通过对考古遗迹、广泛的空间调查、丰富的口头传统和环境条件的分析，考波的S的历史提供了洞察社会政治中央集权从最大规模的等级组织和景观修改到普通民众日常实践的过程。在酋长和建立的国家社会之间的门槛上，古代国家提供了一个新的框架，通过它来审视社会复杂性的上升。通过考波，这项工作将通过考察随着周围结构变得越来越复杂而对周边社区的社会政治影响来提高对古代国家的理解。虽然传统上被称为边缘社区，但该地区在18世纪初突然变得突出起来，因为毛伊岛的第六任国王凯考利克选择这里作为他的王室所在地。通过这一举措，考波纳成为了岛上精英的家园，通过与欧洲的接触，考波纳成为了一个主要的地区，具有强化的农业系统、一座宫殿和两排环绕该地区的主要寺庙。这种从边缘社区到核心社区的二分法提供了一个离散的、日期狭窄的分界线，允许围绕凯考利克到来之前的几个世纪和随后的时期的社会政治发展产生假设。为了了解考波多·S在凯考利克到来之前和之后的社会政治发展，进行了一系列实地项目和实验室分析。2008-2012年期间，对6平方公里的密集调查与遥感相结合，生成了整个地貌的聚落模式地理信息系统数据库。这个数据库综合了27个不同遗址的挖掘结果，每个遗址都是根据它们的大小、位置和可能的功能来选择的，以最好地代表考普所从事的活动的范围。虽然对这些遗址的物质文化的分析正在进行中，但尚未进行直接测年，以将这些遗址和做法置于时间框架内。通过美国国家科学基金会的支持，该项目将进行广泛的放射性碳测年，以便按时间顺序了解考波多岛S的社会政治发展。除了它对学术上对古代国家和夏威夷历史的理解的影响之外，该项目已经并将继续为考波多岛和大毛伊岛的社区做出广泛贡献。为了更好地了解过去的文化习俗，许多社区、商业和学校团体在整个地区开展了活动，重点是贝尔领导的一所为期一周的强化实地学校，旨在向夏威夷原住民高中生传授考古发掘实践和历史信息的价值。该项目与包括卡米哈梅哈学校和Seabury学院在内的当地学校合作，为考古教育建立了一个框架，并将在今后的合作中继续下去。与当地牧场、企业和土地所有者的合作也同样富有成效，导致改变了牛的轮换方式，并移除了入侵植物物种，以保护剩余的文化遗产。通过未来的出版物和确立考普的S在夏威夷历史上的独特和关键作用，该项目将继续与同样理解这个地方重要性的不同团体合作。