Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic-SIMBA Drift Station

该项目是在国际极地年(2007-2008年)的国际合作背景下研究海冰的演变以及阿蒙森海和别林豪森海冰的物质平衡。简单地说，物质平衡就是在某一给定地点发生的一年周期内的净冻结和融化。如果冰是静止的，并且每年都会完全融化，物质平衡将为零。虽然非零平衡在气候和环境变化问题上具有重要意义，但这一过程本身具有全球后果，因为季节性冻结-融化循环具有蒸馏地表水的效果。海盐在冻结过程中被浓缩成卤水，并从冰中排入更深的层，而在融化过程中，新释放的相对新鲜的水稳定了表层。观测计划将在纳撒尼尔·B·帕尔默的漂流计划期间进行，并通过在海冰上建立的浮标网络进行，该浮标网络将对冰层厚度、温度分布、大范围变形和其他特征进行长达一年的测量。该项目是南极海冰方案的一个组成部分，得到了国际海洋年联合委员会的国际认可。此外，将部署的浮标已被认可为国际海洋年对世界气候研究方案/南极研究科学委员会(WCRP/SCAR)国际南极浮标方案(IPAB)的贡献。虽然在这一区域已获得以前的调查资料，但关于海冰物质平衡的季节和时间序列测量是解释空气-冰-海洋相互作用机制的关键数据。该网络将由能够进行GPS定位的12个浮标阵列组成。三个浮标将配备热敏电阻串和冰雪厚度测量仪，以及气压计。两个浮标将配备气象传感器，包括风速和风向、大气压力和传入辐射。另外七个浮标将只有GPS定位，并将部署在距离中心地点约100公里的地方。这些外部浮标将是捕捉高频运动的关键，这些运动是卫星产生的冰移产品的补充。已经通过IPAB在国际上承诺了更多的浮标，并将作为该计划的一部分部署在该地区。该项目将补充由德国南极计划在韦德尔海和由澳大利亚南极计划在东南极洲周围开展的类似项目。浮标和卫星形变测量以及物质平衡测量将提供关于海冰热力学和动力学的综合年度数据集，以便与耦合海冰模型和高分辨率海冰模型进行比较。

This project is a study of the evolution of the sea ice cover, and the mass balance of ice in the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea in the internationally collaborative context of the International Polar Year (2007-2008). In its simplest terms, the mass balance is the net freezing and melting that occurs over an annual cycle at a given location. If the ice were stationary and were completely to melt every year, the mass balance would be zero. While non-zero balances have significance in questions of climate and environmental change, the process itself has global consequences since the seasonal freeze-melt cycle has the effect of distilling the surface water. Oceanic salt is concentrated into brine and rejected from the ice into deeper layers in the freezing process, while during melt, the newly released and relatively fresh water stabilizes the surface layers. The observation program will be carried out during a drift program of the Nathaniel B. Palmer, and through a buoy network established on the sea ice that will make year-long measurements of ice thickness, and temperature profile, large-scale deformation, and other characteristics. The project is a component of the Antarctic Sea Ice Program, endorsed internationally by the Joint Committee for IPY. Additionally, the buoys to be deployed have been endorsed as an IPY contribution to the World Climate Research Program/Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (WCRP/SCAR) International Programme on Antarctic Buoys (IPAB). While prior survey information has been obtained in this region, seasonal and time-series measurements on sea ice mass balance are crucial data in interpreting the mechanisms of air-ice-ocean interaction. The network will consist of an array of twelve buoys capable of GPS positioning. Three buoys will be equipped with thermister strings and ice and snow thickness measurement gauges, as well as a barometer. Two buoys will be equipped with meteorological sensors including wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, and incoming radiation. Seven additional buoys will have GPS positioning only, and will be deployed approximately 100 km from the central site. These outer buoys will be critical in capturing high frequency motion complementary to satellite-derived ice motion products. Additional buoys have been committed internationally through IPAB and will be deployed in the region as part of this program. This project will complement similar projects to be carried out in the Weddell Sea by the German Antarctic Program, and around East Antarctica by the Australian Antarctic Program. The combined buoy and satellite deformation measurements, together with the mass balance measurements, will provide a comprehensive annual data set on sea ice thermodynamics and dynamics for comparison with both coupled and high-resolution sea ice models.