Collaborative Research: Seasonal Sea Ice Production in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

提案标题：合作研究：南极洲罗斯海的季节性海冰生成（暂定标题从提交的标题更改）机构：UT-圣安东尼奥;哥伦比亚大学;海军研究生院;伍兹霍尔海洋研究所;加州大学博尔德分校地球上唯一一个海冰面积、持续时间和浓度不断增加的地方是南极洲的罗斯海。 卫星图像显示，罗斯海的增加约有一半与南极秋季的变化有关，当时新的海冰正在形成。 最明显的变化也发生在冰穴附近，这是一个被海冰包围的开放海洋区域。为了了解海冰增加的过程，并确定海冰面积的增加是否也伴随着冰厚度的变化，该项目将于2017年4月和5月，即秋季，对罗斯海的冰穴进行海洋学巡航。 该团队将部署最先进的研究工具，包括无人机载系统（UAS，通常称为无人机），自主水下航行器（AUV）和遥控水下航行器（ROV）。 利用这些工具和其他工具，该团队将同时研究大气，海洋和海冰的特性和过程。海冰生成的变化必然会改变下面的海水，这可能对全球海洋环流模式产生重大影响，这是一个具有国际重要性的议题。所有参与的机构都将对学生进行培训，所有机构都有一个共同的目标，即在美国扩大气候知识，强调高纬度在地球动态气候中的作用。该项目的主要目标是改善对罗斯海海冰生成和水团转化的估计。该团队将完全捕捉空气-冰-海洋相互作用在秋季开始时的时空变化，然后使用冰浮标跟踪冬季和春季的变化，并使用新委托的IcePod仪器系统进行空中测绘，该系统部署在美国南极计划的LC-130舰队上。海洋学巡航将包括特拉诺瓦湾和罗斯冰架冰穴内外的观测站。要进行的测量包括空气中的热量、淡水和微量气体、辐射和气象学的海气边界层通量;冰的形成过程、冰厚度、雪深、质量平衡和海冰区内的冰漂移;以及下面海洋中的温度、盐度和动量。在收集实地数据之后，该小组将改进空气-海冰相互作用的模型参数化和遥感算法。需要模型参数化来确定海冰产量是否在关键地区增加，如果是，为什么（例如，更强的风或更新鲜的海洋）。 遥感验证将有助于更广泛地区的变化检测，并随着时间的推移验证模型预测。 因此，这一项目将有助于实现国际南大洋观测系统的目标，即不断测量基本气候变量，以监测未来海洋和冰盖的状况。

Proposal Title: Collaborative Research: Seasonal Sea Ice Production in the Ross Sea, Antarctica (working title changed from submitted title)Institutions: UT-San Antonio; Columbia University; Naval Postgraduate School; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute; UC@BoulderThe one place on Earth consistently showing increases in sea ice area, duration, and concentration is the Ross Sea in Antarctica. Satellite imagery shows about half of the Ross Sea increases are associated with changes in the austral fall, when the new sea ice is forming. The most pronounced changes are also located near polynyas, which are areas of open ocean surrounded by sea ice. To understand the processes driving the sea ice increase, and to determine if the increase in sea ice area is also accompanied by a change in ice thickness, this project will conduct an oceanographic cruise to the polynyas of the Ross Sea in April and May, 2017, which is the austral fall. The team will deploy state of the art research tools including unmanned airborne systems (UASs, commonly called drones), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs). Using these tools and others, the team will study atmospheric, oceanic, and sea ice properties and processes concurrently. A change in sea ice production will necessarily change the ocean water below, which may have significant consequences for global ocean circulation patterns, a topic of international importance. All the involved institutions will be training students, and all share the goal of expanding climate literacy in the US, emphasizing the role high latitudes play in the Earth's dynamic climate.The main goal of the project is to improve estimates of sea ice production and water mass transformation in the Ross Sea. The team will fully capture the spatial and temporal changes in air-ice-ocean interactions when they are initiated in the austral fall, and then track the changes into the winter and spring using ice buoys, and airborne mapping with the newly commissioned IcePod instrument system, which is deployed on the US Antarctic Program's LC-130 fleet. The oceanographic cruise will include stations in and outside of both the Terra Nova Bay and Ross Ice Shelf polynyas. Measurements to be made include air-sea boundary layer fluxes of heat, freshwater, and trace gases, radiation, and meteorology in the air; ice formation processes, ice thickness, snow depth, mass balance, and ice drift within the sea ice zone; and temperature, salinity, and momentum in the ocean below. Following collection of the field data, the team will improve both model parameterizations of air-sea-ice interactions and remote sensing algorithms. Model parameterizations are needed to determine if sea-ice production has increased in crucial areas, and if so, why (e.g., stronger winds or fresher oceans). The remote sensing validation will facilitate change detection over wider areas and verify model predictions over time. Accordingly this project will contribute to the international Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) goal of measuring essential climate variables continuously to monitor the state of the ocean and ice cover into the future.