Molecular Systematics and Evolution of the Mycenoid Fungi (Euagarics, Basidiomycetes)

类真菌（Euagarics，担子菌）的分子系统学和进化

• 批准号: 0542445
• 负责人: Dennis Desjardin
• 金额: $ 35万
• 依托单位: San Francisco State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-07-01 至 2010-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0542445&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Molecular; Systematics; Evolution; Mycenoid; Fungi

Fungi are among the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth, and they play many essential roles in the function, maintenance, and evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, they remain poorly studied. This project is concerned with taxonomy and systematics in the mushroom genus Mycena and allied genera, together referred to as the mycenoid fungi. With over 2000 named species distributed in about 60 described genera, the mycenoid fungi represent one of the most diverse groups of mushrooms in theworld, with high taxonomic diversity in tropical regions. To date, no comprehensive classification system exists for these fungi, and their evolutionary relationships (genealogical or phylogenetic relationships) are still largely unknown. This lack of phylogenetic information hampers inferences about species distribution, origin, and dispersal (biogeography). It also prevents detailed studies about the evolution of fungal morphology and biochemistry with respect to ecology and environmental constraints, such as the reversal between gilled, poroid, and reduced forms, or the significance of fungal bioluminescence in nature. In this project, the investigators propose to construct a robust phylogeny for mycenoid fungi by sampling and analyzing nucleotide sequence data from three nuclear and two mitochondrial genes for approximately 300 tropical and temperate species, either already in hand or to be collected from the field. Mycenoid fungi are biologically significant for they are among the most widespread and abundant mushrooms in forest ecosystems worldwide. Most members of the group are litter decomposers, thus they play major roles in carbon cycling, turnover of soil nutrients, soil genesis, and the reduction of erosion via litter binding. A few species have been reported to be plant pathogens on economically important crops such as coffee or cacao, and others as symbionts with orchid roots. Also, because they are abundant, these fungi serve as a major food source for innumerable animals thereby playing a central role in the food web. The thorough understanding of the evolutionary history and biogeographic distribution patterns of mycenoid fungi that this study will provide will allow investigators to gain additional insights on the processes that contribute to the generation and maintenance of biological diversity. This has clear implications whenmaking decisions regarding conservation and land management policy, and also for better understanding and monitoring the spread or shrinkage of native and invasive species. Results from this research will also provide novel data for further investigation on the role of fungi in the function of forest ecosystems. This project is complementary to and supportive of other ongoing NSF-funded projects, including a PEET grant to Dr Dennis Desjardin at San Francisco State University that aims at training young fungal taxonomists for continued enhancement of systematic biology, and to the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life initiative. This project will support a postdoctoral associate, several undergraduate students, and one Asian PhD candidate at Chiang Mai University in Thailand.

真菌是地球上最多样化的生物群体之一，它们在陆地生态系统的功能，维护和进化中发挥着许多重要作用。 然而，对它们的研究仍然很少。本计画系关于蕈类真菌小菇属及其近缘属之分类学与系统学。在60个描述的属中分布有超过2000个已命名的种，该真菌代表了世界上最多样化的蘑菇群之一，在热带地区具有高度的分类多样性。 到目前为止，这些真菌还没有一个全面的分类系统，它们的进化关系（系谱或系统发育关系）在很大程度上仍然未知。这种系统发育信息的缺乏妨碍了对物种分布、起源和传播的推断。 它也阻止了详细的研究真菌形态和生物化学的进化与生态和环境的限制，如鳃，孔状和还原形式之间的逆转，或真菌生物发光在自然界中的意义。 在这个项目中，研究人员建议通过对大约300个热带和温带物种的三个核基因和两个线粒体基因的核苷酸序列数据进行采样和分析，构建一个强大的菌群发生学。蕈类真菌是世界森林生态系统中分布最广、数量最多的真菌之一，具有重要的生物学意义。这一群体的大多数成员都是凋落物分解者，因此它们在碳循环、土壤养分周转、土壤发生和通过凋落物结合减少侵蚀方面发挥着重要作用。据报道，一些物种是咖啡或可可等重要经济作物的植物病原体，其他物种则是兰花根的共生体。 此外，由于它们数量丰富，这些真菌是无数动物的主要食物来源，因此在食物网中发挥着核心作用。 本研究将提供对真菌的进化历史和地理分布模式的深入了解，这将使研究人员能够对有助于生物多样性的产生和维持的过程获得更多的见解。 这对制定保护和土地管理政策的决策，以及更好地理解和监测本地和入侵物种的扩散或缩小具有明显的影响。 本研究的结果也将为进一步研究真菌在森林生态系统功能中的作用提供新的数据。 该项目是对其他正在进行的NSF资助项目的补充和支持，包括对旧金山弗朗西斯科州立大学的Dennis Desjardin博士的PEET赠款，旨在培训年轻的真菌分类学家，以继续增强系统生物学，并组装真菌生命树倡议。 该项目将支持泰国清迈大学的一名博士后助理，几名本科生和一名亚洲博士候选人。