Hadza Foraging, Food-Sharing, and Family Formation, Part 2

该项目继续对世界上仅存的狩猎采集社会之一进行纵向研究。一名行为生态学家以及来自哈佛大学和坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆大学的人类学研究生正在观察四个游牧营地的大约160个哈扎人。研究人员正在收集关于觅食活动、食物消费和分享模式、男性和女性觅食者之间的劳动分工以及儿童健康和生存的数据。一个特别的研究重点是女性活动的精力成本以及她们从他人那里获得的帮助的数量，特别是在她们生育期间。现已发现，妇女对自己及其子女的生存负有主要责任。男性提供的食物作为一个整体被广泛分享，而女性的食物由她们自己和她们的孩子吃。研究人员想知道这一总体模式是否会发生变化，以及这种变化是否会影响儿童的存活率。有些男人给家人提供的食物比其他男人多吗？这是否会因孩子的年龄不同而不同？这样的人的孩子更有可能活下来吗？这些问题的答案将帮助我们理解男性提供的食物在儿童死亡率、断奶时间和生育率方面的好处。更广泛地说，这一知识将进一步加深我们对人类配对结合的成本和好处的理解，以及在自然条件下人类健康的参数。通过在广泛的领域环境中支持学生，该项目还将教育和研究结合在一起。

This project continues longitudinal research on one of the world's last remaining hunter-gatherer societies. About 160 Hadza in four nomadic camps are being observed by a behavioral ecologist, along with anthropology graduate students from Harvard and the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The researchers are collecting data on foraging activities, food consumption and sharing patterns, the division of labor between male and female foragers, and child health and survivorship. A special research focus is the energetic costs of female activities and the amount of help they get from others, particularly during their childbearing years. It has been found that women are primarily responsible for the subsistence of themselves and their children. The foods that men provide are shared widely with the group as a whole, while women's foods are eaten by themselves and their children. The researchers want to see if this general pattern varies and if the variation affects child survivorship. Do some men provide more food to their families than other men? Does this vary depending on the age of the children? Are the children of such men more likely to survive? The answers to these questions will help us understand the benefits of men's provisioning on child mortality, time to weaning, and fertility. More generally, this knowledge will further our understanding of the costs and benefits of human pair bonding and the parameters of human health under naturalistic conditions. By supporting students in extended field settings, the project also combines education and research.