Wireless Technologies and Embedded Networked Sensing: Application to Integrated Urban Water Quality Management

无线技术和嵌入式网络传感：在城市水质综合管理中的应用

• 批准号: 0607138
• 负责人: Miki Hondzo
• 金额: $ 21万
• 依托单位: University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-08-01 至 2009-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0607138&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Wireless; Technologies; Embedded; Networked; Sensing

Hondzo0607138The water quality of streams draining watersheds has been degraded by increasing urbanization. The general symptoms of this degradation include more frequent large flow events, reduction in channel complexity, reduced retention of natural organic matter, and elevated concentrations of nutrients. Newly emerging urban water quality threats, including insecticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, and estrogens, are known or suspected to damage the health of humans and ecosystems. The restoration and management of streams have traditionally attempted to improve the hydrological and water quality conditions in-stream or in riparian zones. Recent studies have indicated the portion of a watershed covered by impervious surfaces and connected to thestream by stormwater drainage is the primary degrading process of stream ecology and health. These findings suggest that the sustainable restoration and management of stream water quality require quantification of hydrological, chemical, biological, and geomorphological processes, and that these processes must be assessed across a range of scales. Furthermore, interactions among biogeochemical processes across watersheds are either non-linear processes or linear processes dependent on non-linear drivers. The monitoring of such a system inherently requires a change in traditional field sampling strategies. We propose to transform traditional and very limited (in terms of spatial and temporal resolution) field measurements through the integration of multi-scale, spatially-dense, high frequency, real-time, and event-driven observations by a wireless network with embedded networked sensing. Intellectual merit: The objective of our research is to establish a wireless network with embedded sensing capable of monitoring fundamental water quality parameters. Such a network is a key component for watershed observatory networks. The ability of these fundamental water quality parameters to be used for predicting the presence of emerging chemical contaminants in urban streams will also be determined. It is hypothesized that the concentrations of emerging contaminants will correlate with the fundamental parameters measured using the sensor network and that the sensor network will give improved prediction of the loads of these contaminants compared to traditional, discrete grab sampling. Our overall hypothesis is that water quality in streams draining impervious areas of urban land is controlled by the mean and variance of effectivestormwater residence time. The mean and variance of water residence time, the time it takes urban runoff to travel between the impervious urban land and a receiving aquatic body, will be quantified by radio frequency identification technology (RFID), tracer studies, and fluid-flow velocity measurements within the proposed wireless network. A small urban watershed will be equipped with wireless networked sensing to address the following objectives: (1) measurement of fundamental water quality and hydrologic parameters with spatiallydense and high frequency resolution, (2) correlation of general parameters with the presence and/or levels of emerging contaminants, and (3) integration of field measurements to the watershed using primarily the meanand variance of effective stormwater residence time. Water quality in streams will be observable as a dynamic response to land use gradients and hydrological transients rather than as an equilibrium described byaverage properties. This approach will enable process-based scaling and forecasting of water quality in streams from the in-stream processes to the watershed level.Broader impact: Wireless networks with embedded networked sensing are designed to quantify spatial and temporal heterogeneities of variables across a variety of scales and are perfectly suited not only for water quality management in streams but also to all environmental processes where interconnectivity among different parts determines the overall state of the system. The network to be developed in this project will focus on an urban stream, but can be expanded to include other watersheds with different land uses in the future. Generated data and scaling relationships will transform urban planning practices and management of water quality in streams draining urban land. Rather than focusing on manipulating in-stream processing only,a more sustainable approach would be to focus on selection and location of stormwater best management practices (e.g., detention ponds or wetlands). The proposed field measurements are focused on evaluating best management practices for more appropriate and effective hydrologic management. The project will have two educational components. One addresses students and scientists through a revised educational curriculum. Theother is an international collaboration with the Technical University of Denmark through a developed Internetcourse on "Integrated Urban Water Quality Management."

随着城市化程度的提高，排出流域的溪流的水质已经恶化。这种退化的一般症状包括更频繁的大水流事件，降低了河道的复杂性，减少了对天然有机物的保留，以及营养物质浓度的升高。新出现的城市水质威胁，包括杀虫剂、除草剂、药物和雌激素，已知或怀疑会损害人类和生态系统的健康。恢复和管理溪流传统上是为了改善溪流或河岸地带的水文和水质状况。最近的研究表明，被不透水表面覆盖并通过雨水排水与河流相连的部分流域是河流生态和健康的主要退化过程。这些发现表明，河流水质的可持续恢复和管理需要对水文、化学、生物和地貌过程进行量化，并且必须在一系列尺度上对这些过程进行评估。此外，跨流域生物地球化学过程之间的相互作用要么是非线性过程，要么是依赖于非线性驱动因素的线性过程。对这种系统的监测本身就要求改变传统的实地抽样战略。我们建议通过无线网络与嵌入式网络传感集成多尺度、空间密集、高频、实时和事件驱动的观测，来转变传统的和非常有限的(在空间和时间分辨率方面)现场测量。智能优点：我们研究的目标是建立一个具有嵌入式传感功能的无线网络，能够监测基本的水质参数。这种网络是分水岭观测站网络的关键组成部分。还将确定这些基本水质参数用于预测城市溪流中是否存在新出现的化学污染物的能力。假设新出现的污染物浓度将与使用传感器网络测量的基本参数相关，并且与传统的离散抓取采样相比，传感器网络将对这些污染物的负荷提供更好的预测。我们的总体假设是，排出城市土地不透水区域的溪流的水质受有效或水停留时间的平均值和方差控制。水停留时间的平均值和方差，即城市径流在不透水的城市土地和接收水体之间传播所需的时间，将通过射频识别技术(RFID)、示踪剂研究和拟议无线网络中的流体流速测量来量化。一个小型城市分水岭将配备无线网络传感，以实现以下目标：(1)以空间密度和高频率分辨率测量基本水质和水文参数，(2)一般参数与新出现污染物的存在和/或水平的相关性，以及(3)主要利用有效雨水停留时间的平均值和方差将实地测量整合到分水岭。河流中的水质将作为对土地利用梯度和水文瞬变的动态响应来观察，而不是作为由平均特性描述的平衡。这种方法将实现从河流内过程到分水岭水平的河流水质的基于过程的缩放和预测。广泛影响：具有嵌入式网络传感的无线网络旨在量化各种尺度上变量的空间和时间异质性，不仅非常适合河流的水质管理，而且非常适合于不同部分之间的互联决定系统整体状态的所有环境过程。该项目将开发的网络将重点放在城市溪流上，但未来可以扩大到包括其他具有不同土地用途的流域。生成的数据和比例关系将改变城市规划实践和城市土地排水溪流的水质管理。更可持续的办法不是只集中在河流中处理，而是侧重于雨水最佳管理做法的选择和选址(例如滞留池塘或湿地)。拟议的实地测量侧重于评价最佳管理做法，以实现更适当和更有效的水文管理。该项目将包括两个教育部分。一种是通过修订的教育课程向学生和科学家发表讲话。另一个是与丹麦技术大学通过开发的关于“城市综合水质管理”的互联网课程进行的国际合作。