Linking Time and Space Scales of Snowmelt Runoff: Crown of the Continent Hydrologic Observatory

连接融雪径流的时间和空间尺度：大陆水文观测站的皇冠

• 批准号: 0609570
• 负责人: Johnnie Moore
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Montana
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-11-01 至 2010-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0609570&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Linking; Time; Space; Scales; Snowmelt

0609570MooreThe seasonal snowpack has a dominating role in physical, chemical, and biologicalprocesses occurring in most western North American watersheds. Snow is a natural water storagemechanism and is therefore the determinant of hydroelectric production, irrigation, and aquatichealth. Snowmelt also triggers the growing season, and earlier snowmelt appears to initiatesummer landscape drying, accentuating drought conditions and recently accelerating thefrequency of major wildfire events. The inability of current methods to forecast (or evenbackcast) the temporal and spatial response of snow water dominated river basins to natural orhuman disturbances, including variations in climatic conditions, hinders our ability to fullyunderstand and thus manage these watersheds. New approaches are needed to extrapolate snowwater equivalent measurements over complex landscapes, model temporal and spatial basinwater yields and predict ecologic and hydrologic response to local disturbance, regional climatechange and extreme events. This project aims to understand fundamental relationships betweenclimate change, snowpack, and runoff in the northern Rocky Mountains. The research approachpresented is based on existing observations and theories about snow-dominated watersheds; bothprocess-based research and hydrologic observatory design questions/hypotheses are posed. Theresearch will use integrated physical and ecologic modeling to link three different hydrologicsettings: 1) Paleo-Hydrology; 2) Historical to present hydrology, and; 3) Future Hydrology.The snow component of the work plan will emphasize estimating spatial variability ofsnowpack characteristics at the local to the regional length scale and developing a suite oftime/space snowpack models, as input forcing to watershed models. Runoff trends will beanalyzed with the goal of determining the amount of change and variability of the instrumentalrecords. Runoff analysis will integrate snow data, automatic weather station data, and remotesensed data with field water quality data and runoff records to look at the continuum of processesreleasing water from basins are several scales. Time and space scales of forcing/response will beelucidated using an integrated physical-ecologic model system (RHEESys). The model will beused to simulate watershed processes during the instrumental era, and past hydrologic andecologic responses to known megadroughts, These modeling results will guide simulations offuture change within this snow dominated watershed.Broader ImpactsBroader impacts from this project will be in three areas: formal education; informaleducation; and science experience for under-represented groups. University of Montana studentswill be involved in the research at the graduate to undergraduate levels and information from thiswork will be incorporated into numerous courses taught by the PIs. Because of the broad natureof this research it gives tremendous opportunity for teaching interdisciplinary concepts and toolsin the formal university environment. In addition, the spectacular landscapes of the region drawsat least two million tourists each year. We will reach this audience through presentations withinGlacier National Park's public lecturing program, lectures to Park and other local educators andinterpreters, and active participation with a regional science and management conference. Wewill also pursue a program to create and install interpretative display panels on climate changeand the hydrologic cycle, from past mega-droughts to current and future changes. We will alsoexpand our working relationship with both the Confederated Salish-Kootenai Tribe's hydrologyprogram and tribal college. Tribal staff and student interns will be involved in field research andanalyses. The long-term goal is to develop joint research on Tribal lands within the region.

0609570摩尔季节性积雪在物理，化学和生物过程中起着主导作用，发生在北美西部流域。雪是一种天然的蓄水机制，因此是水力发电、灌溉和水生健康的决定因素。融雪也触发了生长季节，早期的融雪似乎开始了夏季景观干燥，加剧了干旱状况，最近加快了重大野火事件的频率。目前的方法无法预测（甚至倒推）雪水占主导地位的河流流域的时间和空间响应的自然或人为干扰，包括气候条件的变化，阻碍了我们的能力，充分了解，从而管理这些流域。需要新的方法来推断复杂景观的雪水当量测量，模拟时间和空间的流域水量，并预测生态和水文对当地干扰，区域气候变化和极端事件的反应。这个项目旨在了解北方落基山脉气候变化、积雪和径流之间的基本关系。提出的研究方法是基于现有的观测和理论的雪为主的流域; both过程为基础的研究和水文观测站设计的问题/假设。该研究将使用综合物理和生态建模来连接三个不同的水文环境：1）古水文; 2）历史到现在的水文; 3）未来水文。工作计划的雪部分将强调在当地到区域长度尺度上估计积雪特征的空间变化，并开发一套时间/空间积雪模型，作为流域模型的输入。径流趋势将被分析，目的是确定变化量和仪器记录的可变性。径流分析将整合积雪数据，自动气象站数据，遥感数据与现场水质数据和径流记录，以查看从流域释放水的过程的连续性是几个尺度。时间和空间尺度的强迫/响应将阐明使用综合物理生态模式系统（RHEESys）。该模型将被用来模拟流域过程中的仪器时代，过去的水文和生态响应已知的特大干旱，这些模拟结果将指导模拟未来的变化在这个雪为主的流域。更广泛的影响，从这个项目的更广泛的影响将在三个领域：正规教育，informaleducation和科学经验的代表性不足的群体。蒙大拿大学的学生将参与研究生到本科阶段的研究，这项工作的信息将被纳入PI教授的许多课程中。由于这项研究的广泛性，它为在正式的大学环境中教授跨学科的概念和工具提供了巨大的机会.此外，该地区的壮观景观每年吸引至少200万游客。我们将通过在冰川国家公园的公共演讲计划中的演讲、对公园和其他当地教育工作者和翻译的演讲以及积极参与区域科学和管理会议来接触这些观众。我们还将实施一项计划，创建并安装有关气候变化和水文循环的解释性展板，从过去的特大干旱到当前和未来的变化。我们还将扩大我们与联盟萨利希-库特奈部落的水文计划和部落学院的工作关系。部落工作人员和实习生将参与实地研究和分析。长期目标是在该区域内开展关于部落土地的联合研究。