A Synthesis of Community Data and Modeling for Advancing River Basin Science: The Evolving Susquehanna River Basin Experiment

达菲水文观测站：萨斯奎哈纳河流域是切萨皮克湾最大的支流。如果没有这种流动，河口就不能维持其非凡的水生生物多样性和生产力。我们水资源遗产的两难境地是平衡萨斯奎哈纳淡水资源所面临的相互竞争的社会和环境需求。2002年，宾夕法尼亚州立大学牵头成立了一个由来自30所大学以及联邦和州政府机构的科学家、政策制定者和利益攸关方组成的联盟，以设计和实施萨斯奎哈纳河流域水文观测系统(SRBHOS)(www.srbhos.psu.edu)。启动SRBHOS的目的是解决“人类和气候如何影响大流域内水资源的可持续性？大河流在全球气候系统中扮演什么角色？”。研究概述：这项拟议的研究计划将通过调查三个研究主题来推进SRBHOS的科学议程：(1)评估区域地下水位的重要性，其对土壤水分的低边界条件的作用，以及地下水位状况对水文极端情况(洪水、干旱)的影响。我们提出了次表面边界层(SBL)的概念，我们将其定义为陆地表面以下的深度，在该深度内，局部大气和地面过程将影响局部地下水流向河流。将开发一种使用SRBHOS数字数据绘制SBL的算法。(2)包含植被、水和能量动态的综合模型将改进流域尺度的水文预报，并对解决补给对浅层地下水位和土壤水分蒸腾的相对重要性至关重要。(3)大孔隙对流域在干湿循环中的水文气候表现有显著影响。我们打算开发新的参数化策略，以页岩丘陵试验层为基础，修正区域土壤数据库中的大孔隙流。目前土壤分类只考虑“矩阵”性质(电导率和持水能力)。最后，这项研究将试图证明，模型、现有数字数据和新的数据收集策略的统一将如何促进我们对流域水资源的理解，并支持水文观测站的设计。智力优势：本建议将统一早期SRBHOS的科学努力，并解决如何使用物理模型和先验数据来促进科学合作：(1)将帮助SRBHOS社区制定假设和流域内水文变化的潜在情景；(2)将促进新的数据驱动算法的开发，以增强我们表示和预测水循环动力学的能力；以及(3)这将为未来天文台传感器网络的科学设计提供支持。解决这些问题将有助于SRBHOS的科学家在多个尺度上评估气候和人类反馈，以及地形和生态条件。这项研究中开发的工具将有助于我们更好地理解地形、生态学和地质学在组成SRB的复杂环境系统中分配水和能源的作用。广泛的影响：这项拟议的研究将通过Susquehanna数据和建模研讨会广泛传播给学术、州和联邦SRBHOS合作伙伴，该研讨会将由PIS与切萨皮克研究联盟共同组织。本建议中为研讨会申请的资金将与其他资金来源一起利用，以最大限度地提高我们邀请河流流域建模和数据系统方面的国家领导者审查本研究中开发的拟议工具的能力，并为SRBHOS社区建模工作贡献他们的新专业知识和工具。该项目中开发的所有软件和数据资源都致力于“开源”框架，并通过切萨皮克社区建模计划进行共享。此外，这项研究工作将利用流域范围内的合作，例如目前悬而未决的Susquehanna REU，以促进本科教育，并招收目前在水文科学中代表性不足的人口和地理多样性的学生。

0609791DuffyHydrologic Observatory: The Susquehanna River Basin (SRB) is the largest tributaryto the Chesapeake Bay. Without this flow the estuary could not sustain its extraordinarydiversity and productivity of aquatic life. The dilemma of our water-resource legacy is to balancethe competing societal and environmental needs placed on the Susquehanna's freshwaterresources. In 2002, Penn State took the leadership role in forming a consortium of scientists,policy makers, and stakeholders drawn from 30 universities as well as from federal and stateagencies to design and implement the Susquehanna River Basin Hydrologic Observing System(SRBHOS) (www.srbhos.psu.edu). SRBHOS has been initiated to address "How do humansand climate impact the sustainability of the water resources within large river basins? What roledo large rivers play in the global climate system?".Overview of Research: This proposed research plan will advance the SRBHOSscience agenda by investigating the three research themes: (1) Assessment of the significanceof the regional water table, its role as a lower boundary condition to soil moisture, and theimpact of water table status on hydrologic extremes (floods, droughts). We propose to developthe concept of a subsurface boundary layer (SBL), which we define as the depth beneath theland surface for which the local atmosphere and land-surface processes will affect the local flowof groundwater to streams. An algorithm will be developed to map the SBL using the SRBHOSdigital data. (2) Integrated models that include vegetation water and energy dynamics willimprove hydrologic forecasts at the basin-scale and are critical to resolving the relativeimportance of recharge to the shallow groundwater table and transpiration of soil moisture (3)Macropores have a significant affect on the hydroclimatic performance of watersheds duringwet and dry cycles. We intend to develop new parameterization strategies to correct theregional soils database for macropore flow based on the Shale Hills testbed. Currently soilclassification only considers "matrix" properties (conductivity and water holding capacity).Finally, this research will attempt to demonstrate how a unification of modeling, existing digitaldata, and new data collection strategies will advance our understanding of river basin waterresources and support the design of hydrologic observatories.Intellectual Merit: The present proposal will unify early SRBHOS science efforts andaddress how a physical model and a-priori data can be used to promote scientific collaborationsthat: (1) will aid the SRBHOS community in formulating hypotheses and potential scenarios forhydrologic change within the basin; (2) will promote the development of new data-drivenalgorithms that enhance our ability to represent and predict water cycle dynamics; and (3) thatwill support a scientifically-based design for the future observatory's sensor network. Addressingthese issues will aid SRBHOS scientists in assessing climate and human feedbacks acrossmultiple scales as well as physiographical and ecological conditions. The tools developed inthis research will contribute to improving our understanding of the roles of terrain, ecology, andgeology in partitioning water and energy across the complex environmental systems that makeup the SRB.Broader Impacts: This proposed research will be disseminated broadly to theacademic, state, and federal SRBHOS partners through a Susquehanna Data and ModelingSymposium, which will be organized by the PIs in conjunction with the Chesapeake ResearchConsortium. Funds requested in this proposal for the symposium will be leveraged with otherssources of funding to maximize our ability to invite national leaders in river basin modeling anddata systems to review the proposed tools developed in this research as well as contribute theirown expertise and tools to the SRBHOS community modeling effort. All software and dataresources developed in this project are dedicated to the "open source" framework and sharedthrough the Chesapeake Community Modeling Program. Additionally, this research effort willexploit basin-wide collaborations such as the currently pending Susquehanna REU to promoteundergraduate education and to recruit demographically and geographically diverse studentscurrently underrepresented in hydrologic science.