Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Yanacona of Machu Picchu: Life Histories and Population Dynamics in Late Horizon Peru

博士论文改进补助金：马丘比丘的亚纳科纳：秘鲁晚期的生活史和人口动态

• 批准号: 0615409
• 负责人: George Armelagos
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Emory University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-05-01 至 2008-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0615409&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Yanacona

Under the joint supervision of Dr. George J. Armelagos and Dr. John D. Kingston, Bethany Turner will reconstruct life histories of subsistence and migration related to social class at Machu Picchu, Peru, through multi-tissue stable isotopic and osteological analyses. Machu Picchu was an Inca royal estate built and used between AD 1450 and AD 1570 in central Peru, containing impressive feats of architecture, hydraulic engineering and agricultural terracing as well as three cemeteries. The Machu Picchu skeletal population consists of a large number of well-preserved individuals of both sexes and spanning a wide range of ages. Judging by the utilitarian nature of associated artifacts, the individuals at Machu Picchu were likely permanent retainers, although their backgrounds and exact social class remains unknown. Ms. Turner will synthesize isotopic and skeletal pathology data from tissues that formed during different periods of physiological development, creating individually-based data that elucidates aspects of diet, region of residence and health at different stages in life. From these data, social class, regions in which individuals may have been born and raised and variation in subsistence among the Machu Picchu population will be examined. Research focusing on individual isotopic life histories is critical in Andean research because Andean South America is characterized by a wide range of ecological and climatic diversity encompassed in a relatively small geographic area. The different regions in which Precolumbian groups lived likely resulted in differential availability of resources, environmental stressors and modes of subsistence. However, skeletal pathology, cranial modification types and associated artifacts cannot directly trace individuals to their regions of origin or characterize their diets at different points during life, and population-based skeletal studies may miss hidden variation between the individuals in a given group. Moreover, the Inca state forcibly relocated subjects as individuals or as groups throughout the empire, depending on their assigned social class. By synthesizing isotopic and skeletal data and using individuals as the unit of analysis, Ms. Turner will create a sophisticated analytical framework from which to assess whether the Machu Picchu population was a group of relocated colonists or an amalgamation of relocated individuals. Further, these data will uncover hidden variation in the Machu Picchu population that may shed light on factors that led to the uneven distribution of cranial and dental pathologies at the site.More broadly, this project will shed new light on an Inca-period population that holds substantial symbolic resonance in modern-day Peru. Using these analytical techniques of this study, Turner will add a new chapter to a population that garners international interest while receiving graduate training towards a PhD. Ms. Turner's research will also help create newer, richer understanding of not only Machu Picchu and its residents, but also the way that Inca state imperatives played out in the lives of its subjects.

在乔治J.阿梅拉戈斯博士和约翰D.金斯顿、贝瑟尼·特纳将通过多组织稳定同位素和骨骼学分析，重建与秘鲁马丘比丘社会阶层有关的生存和迁移的生活史。马丘比丘是一个印加皇家庄园，建于公元1450年至公元1570年，位于秘鲁中部，拥有令人印象深刻的建筑、水利工程和农业梯田以及三个墓地。马丘比丘的骨骼人口由大量保存完好的男女个体组成，年龄跨度很大。根据相关文物的实用性判断，马丘比丘的个人可能是永久的追随者，尽管他们的背景和确切的社会阶层仍然未知。特纳将从生理发育的不同时期形成的组织中合成同位素和骨骼病理学数据，创建基于个人的数据，阐明生活中不同阶段的饮食，居住地区和健康方面。从这些数据中，社会阶层，个人可能已经出生和长大的地区和马丘比丘人口之间的生存差异将被审查。侧重于个体同位素生活史的研究在安第斯研究中至关重要，因为安第斯南美洲的特点是在相对较小的地理区域内具有广泛的生态和气候多样性。前哥伦比亚人群体生活的不同地区可能导致资源、环境压力和生存模式的差异。然而，骨骼病理学，颅骨修改类型和相关的文物不能直接跟踪个人到他们的起源地区或表征他们的饮食在不同的时间点在生活中，和人口为基础的骨骼研究可能会错过隐藏的变化之间的个人在一个给定的组。此外，印加政府还根据被分配的社会阶层，将臣民以个人或群体的形式强行迁移到帝国各地。通过综合同位素和骨骼数据，并以个人为分析单位，特纳女士将创建一个复杂的分析框架，据以评估马丘比丘人口是一群重新定居的殖民者还是重新定居的个人的合并。此外，这些数据将揭示马丘比丘人口中隐藏的变化，可能揭示导致该遗址颅骨和牙齿病理分布不均匀的因素。更广泛地说，该项目将揭示印加时期人口的新情况，这些人口在现代秘鲁具有重要的象征意义。利用这项研究的这些分析技术，特纳将为一个在接受博士学位研究生培训的同时引起国际兴趣的人口增加一个新的篇章。特纳女士的研究也将有助于人们对马丘比丘及其居民，以及印加国家的命令在其臣民的生活中发挥作用的方式，产生更新、更丰富的理解。