Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Yanacona of Machu Picchu: Life Histories and Population Dynamics in Late Horizon Peru

在George J. Armelagos博士和John D. Kingston博士的共同指导下，Bethany Turner将通过多组织稳定同位素和骨学分析，重建秘鲁马丘比丘与社会阶层相关的生存和迁移生活史。马丘比丘是印加王室在公元1450年至1570年间在秘鲁中部建造和使用的庄园，包含令人印象深刻的建筑、水利工程、农业梯田和三个墓地。马丘比丘的骨骼种群由大量保存完好的男女个体组成，跨越了广泛的年龄。从相关文物的实用主义性质来看，马丘比丘的这些人很可能是永久的保留者，尽管他们的背景和确切的社会阶层尚不清楚。特纳女士将综合不同生理发育时期形成的组织的同位素和骨骼病理学数据，创建基于个体的数据，阐明生活中不同阶段的饮食、居住地区和健康等方面。根据这些数据，社会阶层、个人可能出生和成长的地区以及马丘比丘人口的生存差异将得到检验。在安第斯山脉研究中，集中研究个体同位素生活史是至关重要的，因为南美洲安第斯山脉的特点是在一个相对较小的地理区域内包含了广泛的生态和气候多样性。前哥伦布时期群体生活的不同地区可能导致了资源、环境压力和生存方式的不同。然而，骨骼病理学、颅骨修饰类型和相关的人工制品不能直接追溯到个体的起源地区，也不能描述他们一生中不同时期的饮食特征，基于人群的骨骼研究可能会错过特定群体中个体之间隐藏的差异。此外，印加国家根据分配给他们的社会阶层，强行将臣民以个人或群体的形式安置在帝国各地。通过综合同位素和骨骼数据，并以个体为分析单位，特纳女士将创建一个复杂的分析框架，以此来评估马丘比丘人口是一群迁移的殖民者，还是一群迁移的个体的混合体。此外，这些数据将揭示马丘比丘人群中隐藏的差异，这可能会揭示导致该遗址颅骨和牙齿病变分布不均匀的因素。更广泛地说，这个项目将为印加时期的人口提供新的线索，这些人口在现代秘鲁具有重要的象征意义。利用这项研究的这些分析技术，特纳将为在接受博士研究生培训的同时获得国际兴趣的人口增加新的篇章。特纳的研究不仅有助于人们对马丘比丘及其居民有更新、更丰富的了解，还有助于人们了解印加国家的政令是如何影响其臣民的生活的。

Under the joint supervision of Dr. George J. Armelagos and Dr. John D. Kingston, Bethany Turner will reconstruct life histories of subsistence and migration related to social class at Machu Picchu, Peru, through multi-tissue stable isotopic and osteological analyses. Machu Picchu was an Inca royal estate built and used between AD 1450 and AD 1570 in central Peru, containing impressive feats of architecture, hydraulic engineering and agricultural terracing as well as three cemeteries. The Machu Picchu skeletal population consists of a large number of well-preserved individuals of both sexes and spanning a wide range of ages. Judging by the utilitarian nature of associated artifacts, the individuals at Machu Picchu were likely permanent retainers, although their backgrounds and exact social class remains unknown. Ms. Turner will synthesize isotopic and skeletal pathology data from tissues that formed during different periods of physiological development, creating individually-based data that elucidates aspects of diet, region of residence and health at different stages in life. From these data, social class, regions in which individuals may have been born and raised and variation in subsistence among the Machu Picchu population will be examined. Research focusing on individual isotopic life histories is critical in Andean research because Andean South America is characterized by a wide range of ecological and climatic diversity encompassed in a relatively small geographic area. The different regions in which Precolumbian groups lived likely resulted in differential availability of resources, environmental stressors and modes of subsistence. However, skeletal pathology, cranial modification types and associated artifacts cannot directly trace individuals to their regions of origin or characterize their diets at different points during life, and population-based skeletal studies may miss hidden variation between the individuals in a given group. Moreover, the Inca state forcibly relocated subjects as individuals or as groups throughout the empire, depending on their assigned social class. By synthesizing isotopic and skeletal data and using individuals as the unit of analysis, Ms. Turner will create a sophisticated analytical framework from which to assess whether the Machu Picchu population was a group of relocated colonists or an amalgamation of relocated individuals. Further, these data will uncover hidden variation in the Machu Picchu population that may shed light on factors that led to the uneven distribution of cranial and dental pathologies at the site.More broadly, this project will shed new light on an Inca-period population that holds substantial symbolic resonance in modern-day Peru. Using these analytical techniques of this study, Turner will add a new chapter to a population that garners international interest while receiving graduate training towards a PhD. Ms. Turner's research will also help create newer, richer understanding of not only Machu Picchu and its residents, but also the way that Inca state imperatives played out in the lives of its subjects.