Doctoral Dissertation Research: Contesting Jurisdictions: A Comparative Study of State Responses to Honor Killings in Turkey and Israel

Michael W.麦肯和塞伦·贝尔格0617531.标题：“争议管辖权--土耳其和伊萨雷尔国家对荣誉谋杀反应的比较研究”。 摘要谋杀是有预谋地谋杀那些被认为有过性行为不端的妇女。直到最近，土耳其法院还例行地为那些杀害女性家庭成员以“保护”家庭荣誉的人减刑。相比之下，在以色列，法院驳回了与荣誉有关的辩护，但肇事者往往获得总统赦免，警察很少保护妇女免受家人的伤害。虽然荣誉杀人绝不是少数群体所特有的，但在以色列和土耳其，库尔德和阿拉伯少数群体似乎不成比例地发生这种情况。这个项目探讨了为什么土耳其和以色列在少数民族人口中与男性主导的社会组织达成了如此令人费解的和解，同时拒绝了他们对“政治”自治的要求。它还问，为什么这种反应最近开始改变。该项目的研究将在土耳其（迪亚巴基尔和桑柳尔法）和以色列（拿撒勒和海法）两个少数民族人口众多的城市以及安卡拉、伊斯坦布尔、耶路撒冷和特拉维夫等城市进行。数据的主要来源是法院判决和对执法官员、少数群体妇女组织成员、维权律师和高等法院法官的深入访谈。为了确定男性主导的社会组织的适应程度和性质，将对法院关于荣誉杀人的判决进行比较和跨时间分析。与执法官员的访谈将揭示导致他们要么接受地方自治，要么采取措施改变地方做法的关切。与积极的律师和妇女团体成员的访谈将揭示他们相对于少数精英和政府官员的立场是否影响了他们成功地改变执法官员和少数群体之间关于性别问题的默认共识。该项目有望提高我们的理解，为什么国家在种族分裂的社会有时容纳少数群体的歧视性做法，为什么在其他时候，他们积极干预，以改变这种做法。虽然学者们从规范的角度广泛辩论了多元文化对妇女权利的影响，但很少有人从经验上研究国家可能代表少数群体妇女干预地方权力领域的条件。本项目将探讨法律是如何同时受到主流社会的文化价值观和少数群体社区的抵制的影响。它将通过确定国家与少数群体关系的不同模式和少数群体妇女的法律的动员战略是否导致不同程度的适应，促进社会法律的思想。该项目对族裔分裂社会的比较重点有望丰富人们对法律的机构如何在不同社会政治环境中运作的理解，该项目的研究结果将为决策者和人权界制定在族裔分裂社会中处理妇女权利问题的战略提供坚实的基础，从而具有超越学术界的相关性。它将提出创造性的法律的解决办法，以解决社区自治与妇女人权之间的紧张关系。

Michael W. McCann and Ceren Belge. 0617531. Title: "Contesting Jurisdictions A Comparative Study of State Responses to Honor Killings in Turkey and Isarel. ABSTRACTHonor killings are premeditated murders of women who are believed to have committed a sexual indiscretion. Until recently, Turkish courts routinely reduced sentences for those who killed female family members to "protect" their family honor. In Israel, by contrast, courts rejected honor-related defenses, but perpetrators often received a Presidential pardon and police officers rarely protected women from their families. Although honor killings are by no means specific to minority groups, in Israel and Turkey, they appear to occur disproportionately among the Kurdish and Arab minorities. This project explores why Turkey and Israel have reached such puzzling accommodations with male-dominated social organizations in their minority populations while simultaneously rejecting their demands for "political" autonomy. It asks, too, why this response has begun to change recently. Research for this project will be conducted in two cities with a large minority population in Turkey (Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa) and Israel (Nazareth and Haifa), as well as in the cities of Ankara, Istanbul, Jerusalem, and Tel Aviv. The main sources of data are court decisions and in-depth interviews with law enforcement officials, members of minority women's organizations, activist lawyers, and high court judges. In order to identify the extent and nature of accommodation of male-dominated social organizations, court decisions on honor killings will be analyzed comparatively and across time. Interviews with law enforcement officials will reveal the concerns that led them to either accommodate local autonomy or take steps to transform local practices. Interviews with activist lawyers and members of women's groups will reveal whether their position vis-a-vis minority elites, on the one hand, and public officials, on the other, affected the success with which they were able to transform the implicit consensus between law-enforcement officials and minority groups on gender questions. The project promises to improve our understanding of why states in ethnically divided societies sometimes accommodate discriminatory practices within minority groups and why, at other times, they actively intervene to transform such practices. Although scholars have debated the implications of multiculturalism for women's rights extensively from a normative standpoint, few have studied empirically the conditions under which states are likely to intervene in local spheres of authority on minority women's behalf. This project will explore how law is shaped simultaneously by the cultural values of the dominant society and resistance by minority communities. It will contribute to socio-legal thought by identifying whether different patterns of state-minority relations and legal mobilization strategies by minority women result in different levels of accommodation. The project's comparative focus on ethnically divided societies promises to enrich understanding of how legal institutions function in different socio-political contexts.The project's findings will have relevance beyond the academic community by providing sound foundations for policy makers and the human rights community on strategies to address women's rights in ethnically divided societies. It will propose creative legal solutions to resolve the tension between communal autonomy and women's human rights.