Doctoral Dissertation Research: Contesting Jurisdictions: A Comparative Study of State Responses to Honor Killings in Turkey and Israel

迈克尔·W·麦肯和塞伦·贝尔奇。0617531。标题：“争议司法管辖区土耳其和伊萨雷尔国家对名誉杀人的反应比较研究”。荣誉谋杀是对被认为犯有性轻率行为的女性的有预谋的谋杀。直到最近，土耳其法院还照例对杀害女性家庭成员的人减刑，以“保护”她们的家族荣誉。相比之下，在以色列，法院驳回了与荣誉相关的辩护，但犯罪者通常会得到总统的赦免，警察很少保护女性免受家人的伤害。尽管荣誉杀戮绝不是少数群体特有的，但在以色列和土耳其，它们似乎在库尔德人和阿拉伯少数民族中发生得不成比例。该项目探讨了为什么土耳其和以色列在少数族裔人口中与男性占主导地位的社会组织达成了令人费解的和解，同时拒绝了他们对“政治”自治的要求。它还问，为什么这种反应最近开始改变。该项目的研究将在土耳其(迪亚巴克尔和桑柳尔法)和以色列(拿撒勒和海法)两个少数民族人口较多的城市以及安卡拉、伊斯坦布尔、耶路撒冷和特拉维夫等城市进行。数据的主要来源是法院判决和对执法官员、少数族裔妇女组织成员、维权律师和高等法院法官的深入访谈。为了确定男性主导的社会组织的通融程度和性质，将对法院关于荣誉杀人的裁决进行比较分析，并跨越时间。对执法官员的采访将揭示导致他们要么适应地方自治，要么采取措施改变当地做法的担忧。与维权律师和妇女团体成员的访谈将揭示，他们相对于少数群体精英和公职人员的立场是否影响到他们成功地改变了执法官员和少数群体之间在性别问题上的隐性共识。该项目承诺提高我们对为什么在种族分裂的社会中的国家有时会容忍少数群体中的歧视性做法，以及为什么在其他时候它们积极干预以改变这些做法的理解。尽管学者们从规范的角度对多元文化主义对妇女权利的影响进行了广泛的辩论，但很少有人经验性地研究在什么情况下，国家可能会为了少数群体妇女的利益而干预地方权力范围。这个项目将探讨法律是如何同时受到占主导地位的社会的文化价值观和少数群体的抵制所塑造的。它将有助于社会法律思想，确定国家与少数群体关系的不同模式和少数群体妇女的法律动员战略是否会导致不同程度的通融。该项目对种族分裂社会的比较关注有望丰富人们对法律机构如何在不同的社会政治环境中发挥作用的理解。该项目的调查结果将为决策者和人权界在解决种族分裂社会中妇女权利的战略问题上提供坚实的基础，从而具有超越学术界的意义。它将提出创造性的法律解决办法，以解决社区自治和妇女人权之间的紧张关系。

Michael W. McCann and Ceren Belge. 0617531. Title: "Contesting Jurisdictions A Comparative Study of State Responses to Honor Killings in Turkey and Isarel. ABSTRACTHonor killings are premeditated murders of women who are believed to have committed a sexual indiscretion. Until recently, Turkish courts routinely reduced sentences for those who killed female family members to "protect" their family honor. In Israel, by contrast, courts rejected honor-related defenses, but perpetrators often received a Presidential pardon and police officers rarely protected women from their families. Although honor killings are by no means specific to minority groups, in Israel and Turkey, they appear to occur disproportionately among the Kurdish and Arab minorities. This project explores why Turkey and Israel have reached such puzzling accommodations with male-dominated social organizations in their minority populations while simultaneously rejecting their demands for "political" autonomy. It asks, too, why this response has begun to change recently. Research for this project will be conducted in two cities with a large minority population in Turkey (Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa) and Israel (Nazareth and Haifa), as well as in the cities of Ankara, Istanbul, Jerusalem, and Tel Aviv. The main sources of data are court decisions and in-depth interviews with law enforcement officials, members of minority women's organizations, activist lawyers, and high court judges. In order to identify the extent and nature of accommodation of male-dominated social organizations, court decisions on honor killings will be analyzed comparatively and across time. Interviews with law enforcement officials will reveal the concerns that led them to either accommodate local autonomy or take steps to transform local practices. Interviews with activist lawyers and members of women's groups will reveal whether their position vis-a-vis minority elites, on the one hand, and public officials, on the other, affected the success with which they were able to transform the implicit consensus between law-enforcement officials and minority groups on gender questions. The project promises to improve our understanding of why states in ethnically divided societies sometimes accommodate discriminatory practices within minority groups and why, at other times, they actively intervene to transform such practices. Although scholars have debated the implications of multiculturalism for women's rights extensively from a normative standpoint, few have studied empirically the conditions under which states are likely to intervene in local spheres of authority on minority women's behalf. This project will explore how law is shaped simultaneously by the cultural values of the dominant society and resistance by minority communities. It will contribute to socio-legal thought by identifying whether different patterns of state-minority relations and legal mobilization strategies by minority women result in different levels of accommodation. The project's comparative focus on ethnically divided societies promises to enrich understanding of how legal institutions function in different socio-political contexts.The project's findings will have relevance beyond the academic community by providing sound foundations for policy makers and the human rights community on strategies to address women's rights in ethnically divided societies. It will propose creative legal solutions to resolve the tension between communal autonomy and women's human rights.