Security and Privacy: Global Standards for Ethical Identity Management in Contemporary Liberal Democratic States

该项目由科学与社会计划的科学、工程和技术伦理与价值观部分资助，涉及执法和国土安全背景下的身份管理技术。“身份管理技术”一词是指所有软件和计算机应用程序，这些软件和计算机应用程序支持和促进：识别人员，以及验证和核实这些身份；授权人士以资讯或实体方式查阅个人资料；追踪、监视和监测已查明的人员；以及使用概要分析、网络分析和统计技术在人员数据库中发现知识（例如通过数据挖掘）。将进行的研究旨在在国际犯罪和全球恐怖主义背景下部署和设计身份管理技术时，在自由民主国家的两个核心价值，即安全和隐私之间建立平衡。该项目旨在为当代全球安全背景下的身份管理技术和政策提供法律上可持续和技术上可行的全球道德标准。所讨论的标准应被理解为全球道德标准，不仅可能被美国采用，还可能被欧盟、大洋洲和所有其他相关的自由民主国家（如印度和日本）采用。虽然专制国家可能不会发现这样的标准有益，但专制国家演变成某种形式的自由民主是可取的，在这个程度上，这个项目的结果与专制国家有关。此外，这些标准必须足够具体，以确定或至少在很大程度上限制在国家和跨国管辖范围内必要的更详细的安全和隐私政策和规定。该项目与该领域其他工作的不同之处在于，它将伦理学家、律师、执法人员和计算机专家的专门知识纳入全球道德标准框架的制定。这项工作将由来自美国、欧洲、印度、日本和大洋洲的多学科学者和顾问组成的国际团队进行。本项目主要涉及在国际犯罪和全球恐怖主义背景下分析身份管理技术的道德层面，例如电子监视、个人数据的数据挖掘和概况分析。这样的道德分析是必要的，以找到可行的和道德上可持续的解决方案，以数据保护和国土安全问题。以全球道德标准框架的形式调和冲突中的基本价值，即安全和隐私，可以在设计具体的体制机制和身份管理工具时加以部署。经过充分研究的解决方案不仅将在学术期刊和文本中传播，而且还将提供给决策者、执法人员等，从而在身份管理和计算机支持的执法的实际实践中找到途径。这就是这个项目的目标。

This project, which is funded by the Ethics and Values in Science, Engineering and Technology component of the Science and Society Program, is concerned with identity management technology in the context of law enforcement and homeland security. The term "identity management technology" is used to refer to all software and computer applications that support and facilitate: the identification of persons, and the authentication and verification of these identities; the authorization of persons to have informational or physical access to personal data; the tracing, surveillance and monitoring of identified persons; and the discovery of knowledge (e.g. through data mining) in databases on persons, using profiling, network analysis and statistical techniques. The research to be undertaken aims at establishing a balance between two central values in liberal democracies, namely security and privacy, in the deployment and design of identity management technology in the context of international crime and global terrorism. The project seeks to provide legally sustainable and technologically feasible global ethical standards for identity management technology and policies in the contemporary global security context. The standards in question are to be understood as global ethical standards potentially to be adopted not only by the US, but also by the European Union, Australasia, and all other relevant liberal democratic states, e.g. India and Japan. Although authoritarian states may not find such standards conducive, it is desirable that authoritarian states evolve into some form of liberal democracy, and to this extent the results of this project are relevant to authoritarian states. Moreover, the standards are to be sufficiently specific to determine, or at least substantially constrain, the requisite more detailed security and privacy policies and prescriptions in national as well as trans-national jurisdictions. The project distinguishes itself from other work in this field by integrating the expertise of ethicists, lawyers, law enforcement personnel and computer specialists in the development of the framework of global ethical standards. The work will be performed by a multidisciplinary, international team of academics and consultants, from the USA, Europe, India, Japan and Australasia. This project is principally concerned with the analysis of the ethical dimension of identity management technology, e.g., electronic surveillance, data-mining of personal data and profiling, in the context of international crime and global terrorism. Such ethical analysis is necessary to find feasible and ethically sustainable solutions to data protection and homeland security problems. The reconciliation of the basic values in conflict, namely security and privacy, in the form of a framework of global ethical standards, can be deployed in the design of specific institutional mechanisms and identity management tools. Well researched solutions will not only be disseminated in scholarly journals and texts, but will also be made available to policy makers, law enforcement personnel and the like, and thereby find their way into the actual practices of identity management and computer supported law enforcement. This is what the project aims to achieve.