Acquisition of Instrumentation for Quantification of Organic Compounds Responsible for Aerosol Formation

这个主要研究仪器奖支持气溶胶研究的最先进仪器的收购和开发。它将能够在实验室环境中同时表征二次气溶胶形成和演变时气体和冷凝相中发生的化学反应。将购买一台用于气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法的台式仪器，以提供碳氢化合物和氧化挥发性有机化合物的快速化学分析。三重四极杆质谱仪将耦合到离子化学电离前端（TSQ-SICIMS），用于对短寿命的反应性化合物进行实时分析。将使用制备型毛细管气液色谱仪分离大量挥发性有机化合物，以便随后使用各种仪器进行分析。最后，将研制一个气溶胶收集器/浓缩器，作为质谱仪的前端，用于快速分析气溶胶的化学成分，利用这些新仪器进行的研究将改进对地球大气层中产生有机气溶胶的机制的限制。这种仪器，结合气溶胶仪器目前可在加州理工学院的环境室，将使重大进展，解决问题，如：-如何重要的是形成低挥发性氧化产物的气相预算的有机气溶胶和这种化学如何影响大气气溶胶的物理性质和环境效应？气溶胶相反应相对于气相氧化以及随后的气体-颗粒吸收对于确定气溶胶的化学成分有多重要？气溶胶产生过程的分子机制和动力学是什么？导致气溶胶形成的最重要的化学物质是什么（有机酸、低聚物/聚合物等）它们的物理化学性质（官能团、分子量、稳定性、挥发性、溶解性、吸湿性、光吸收性等）是什么？在大气氧化剂存在的情况下，气相和气溶胶成分是如何演变的？准确描述导致地球大气中气溶胶形成的化学性质，对于理解生物圈和气候之间的相互作用以及设计适当的空气质量改善战略至关重要。这种气溶胶通过其对人类和动物健康的有害影响以及通过其对城市和区域地区的能见度的影响而在环境中起着重要作用。大气气溶胶的化学和物理性质也决定了其光散射和吸收特性，而光散射和吸收特性在一定程度上控制着地球的辐射场和气候。最后，气溶胶的吸湿性在控制气溶胶粒子形成云滴的效率方面起着重要作用。通过该奖项获得的仪器将大大提高对控制大气有机气溶胶化学组成的有机化学性质的理解。新仪器将加强研究生和本科生化学家，地球化学家和物理学家及其教师导师的新的跨学科合作。

This Major Research Instrumentation award supports the acquisition and development of state-of-the art instrumentation for aerosol research. It will enable simultaneous characterization of the chemistry occurring in the gas and condensed phases as secondary aerosol forms and evolves in a laboratory setting. A benchtop instrument for gas chromatography - time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) will be purchased to provide rapid chemical analysis of hydrocarbons and oxygenated volatile organic compounds. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer will be coupled to an ion chemical ionization front end (TSQ-SICIMS) for real-time analysis of short-lived, reactive compounds. A preparative capillary gas-liquid chromatography (PCGC) instrument will be used to isolate larger quantities of volatile organic compounds for subsequent analysis with a broad array of instruments. Finally, an aerosol trap / concentrator will be developed for use as a front end to the mass spectrometers for rapid analysis of the chemical composition of aerosol.Studies using these new instruments will provide improved constraints on the mechanisms responsible for production of organic aerosol in Earth's atmosphere. This instrumentation, in combination with the aerosol instrumentation currently available on the Caltech environmental chamber, will enable significant progress in addressing questions such as: - How important is the formation of low volatility oxidation products in the gas phase to the budget of organic aerosol and how does this chemistry influence the physical properties and environmental effects of atmospheric aerosols?- How important are aerosol-phase reactions relative to gas-phase oxidation followed by gas-to-particle uptake for determining the chemical composition of the aerosol?- What are the molecular mechanisms and kinetics of the processes involved in aerosol production?- What are the most important chemicals leading to aerosol formation (organic acids, oligomers/polymers, etc.) and what are their physicochemical properties (functional groups, molecular mass, stability, volatility, solubility, hygroscopicity, optical absorption, etc.)?- How do the gas phase and the aerosol composition evolve in the presence of atmospheric oxidants?Accurate characterization of the chemistry leading to the formation of aerosol in Earth's atmosphere is essential for understanding the interactions of the biosphere and climate as well as for designing appropriate air quality improvement strategies. This aerosol plays a major role in the environment through its deleterious influence on human and animal health and through its impact on visibility in both urban and regional areas. The chemical and physical nature of atmospheric aerosol also determines its light scattering and absorption properties that, in part, control the Earth's radiation field and climate. Finally, the hygroscopicity of the aerosol plays an important role in controlling how efficient an aerosol particle will be for formation of cloud droplets. The instrumentation acquired through this award will provide substantially improved understanding of the nature of the organic chemistry that controls the chemical makeup of atmospheric organic aerosol. The new instrumentation will enhance new and interdisciplinary collaborations of graduate and undergraduate chemists, geochemists, and physicists and their faculty mentors.