Collaborative Research:Transport and Divergence of CO2, O2 and Nutrients in the Atlantic Ocean, Continuation of WOCE-era Inversion with Comparison to Tracer Age Based Approaches

将采用多箱反演模式研究大西洋盆地内CO2（二氧化碳）浓度的输送、散度和年代际变化。该模式包括1990-1999年WOCE/JGOFS（世界海洋环流实验和全球海洋通量联合研究）期间收集的大部分长线数据，目前由40个盒和21个密度层组成。这些模式的碳输运结果将与以前基于观测的结果以及参与海洋碳模式相互比较项目的模式的结果进行比较。为了更好地理解箱型模式综合环流和海洋碳循环的意义，它们是基于已知变化的系统内的假设稳态，对平均环流方差的分析将扩展到全球海洋状态估计产品的大西洋部分。此外，该项目将得到扩展，包括调查反模型中氧和营养物质运输的差异，以及推断从海洋表面输出的有机碳、蛋白石和碳酸钙的速率。这一方法将与基于氯氟化碳和放射性碳年龄的生物地球化学循环估计相结合，为此将对可能的氯氟化碳年龄偏差进行基于数据和模型的广泛分析。学术价值：这项工作的独特之处在于，它首次以物理一致的方式将纬向和经向观测结合起来，在整个大西洋范围内调查海洋吸收和释放二氧化碳的位置和幅度。这种合成在过去已经被用于除碳以外的性质，并且已经被证明并不总是产生与单一样条研究相同的结果。建议将生物地球化学循环速率纳入模型和基于示踪剂年龄的方法，将提供基于盆地尺度的大西洋表层生物物质输出的新数据，可与其他方法以及其他海洋区域进行比较。更广泛的影响：海洋二氧化碳吸收率的估计对于准确预测未来大气二氧化碳含量是必要的，而无机碳通量散度的直接估计将限制通过地表二氧化碳分压测量和数值模式进行的估计。该研究是国际WOCE综合计划的跨学科组成部分，将为未来分析CLIVAR（气候变率和可预测性计划）观测提供基础。这项工作的第二个重要方面是调查流场的方差，重点是确定在时变流场中，水文图如何很好地代表“平均值”。这项工作是必要的，以建立上下文，其中重复部分是最有用的。其中一部分资金将用于资助一名正在从事跨学科研究的年轻女科学家，以及一名将学习物理和化学海洋学的观测和数值模拟方面的学生。A. Macdonald积极参与新英格兰海洋科学教育卓越中心（NE-COSEE），参加COSEE“讲述你的故事”研讨会并发表演讲。目前，她正在与当地学校的3名教师合作，与中学生分享她在海洋环流、碳循环和数据分析方面的研究成果。本研究是对美国CLIVAR计划和美国碳循环计划的贡献。

A multi-box inverse model will be used to investigate the transport, divergence and decadal changes in the concentration of CO2 (carbon dioxide) within the Atlantic Basin. The model includes most of the long line data collected during the WOCE/JGOFS (World Ocean Circulation Experiment and Joint Global Ocean Flux Study) period 1990-1999) and, currently, is made up of 40 boxes and 21 density layers. The models' carbon transport results will be compared both to previous observation based results, as well as to the results of models participating in the ocean carbon model intercomparison project. To better understand the significance of the box model synthesis circulation and ocean carbon cycle which are based on an assumed steady-state within a system which is known to be varying, the analysis of the mean circulation variance will be extended within the Atlantic portion of a global ocean state estimation product. In addition, the project will be extended to include investigation of the divergence of oxygen and nutrient transports in the inverse model and of the inferred rates of organic carbon, opal, and calcium carbonate export from the surface ocean. This approach will be combined with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and radiocarbon age based estimates of biogeochemical cycling for which an extensive data- and model-based analysis of possible CFC age biases will be performed.Intellectual Merit: The proposed work is unique in that it is the first to combine both zonal and meridional observations in a physically consistent fashion over the full extent of the Atlantic Ocean to investigate the location and magnitude of oceanic uptake and outgassing of CO2. Such syntheses have been performed in the past for properties other than carbon and have been shown to not always produce the same results as single transect studies. The proposed inclusion of biogeochemical cycling rates within the model and from the tracer-age based approaches will provide new data based basin-scale estimates of biogenic material export from the Atlantic surface ocean that can be compared to other methods as well as to other oceanic regions. Broader Impacts: Estimates of oceanic CO2 uptake are necessary for accurate prediction of future atmospheric CO2 content and direct estimates of inorganic carbon flux divergences will provide a constraint on the estimates made through surface pCO2 measurements and numerical models. This research represents an interdisciplinary component of the international WOCE synthesis program and will provide groundwork for analyzing CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and predictability program) observations in the future. A second important aspect of the work is the investigation into the variance of the flow field with the focus on determining how well the hydrography represents the "mean" in a time-varying flow field. The work is necessary to establish the context in which repeat sections are most useful. A portion of the funds will support a young, female scientist in the process of establishing herself in interdisciplinary research, as well as a student who will be introduced to both observational and numerical modeling aspects of physical and chemical oceanography. A. Macdonald is taking an active part in the New England Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (NE-COSEE), participating and presenting in COSEE "Telling Your Story" workshops. She is currently working with 3 teachers in local schools to share components of her work on ocean circulation, the carbon cycle and data analysis with middle and high school students.This study is a contribution to the U.S. CLIVAR program and the U.S. Carbon Cycle program.