Collaborative Research:Transport and Divergence of CO2, O2 and Nutrients in the Atlantic Ocean, Continuation of WOCE-era Inversion with Comparison to Tracer Age Based Approaches

将使用多箱逆模型来研究大西洋盆地内二氧化碳浓度的传输、发散和年代际变化。该模型包括在1990-1999年世界海洋环流实验和联合全球海洋通量研究期间收集的大部分长线数据，目前由40个盒子和21个密度层组成。模型的碳传输结果将与以前的观测结果以及参加海洋碳模型相互比较项目的模型的结果进行比较。为了更好地理解箱型综合环流和海洋碳循环的重要性，这些环流和海洋碳循环是基于一个已知变化的系统内的假定稳定状态，对平均环流方差的分析将在全球海洋状态估计产品的大西洋部分内扩展。此外，该项目还将扩大到包括调查逆模型中氧气和营养物质输送的分歧以及从表层海洋输出有机碳、蛋白石和碳酸钙的推断速率。这一方法将与基于氯氟化碳和放射性碳年龄的地球化学循环估算相结合，为此将对可能存在的氯氟化碳年龄偏差进行广泛的基于数据和模型的分析。拟议的工作是独特的，因为它是第一个联合收割机结合纬向和纬向观测，在整个大西洋范围内以物理上一致的方式调查位置，海洋吸收和释放二氧化碳的量。这种合成在过去已经进行了碳以外的属性，并已被证明并不总是产生相同的结果作为单一的横断面研究。拟议列入的地球化学循环率的模型和示踪剂年龄为基础的方法将提供新的数据为基础的盆地规模的估计生物物质出口从大西洋表层海洋，可以比较其他方法以及其他海洋区域。更广泛的影响：对海洋CO2吸收的估计对于准确预测未来大气CO2含量是必要的，而对无机碳通量差异的直接估计将对通过表面pCO 2测量和数值模型进行的估计提供限制。这项研究代表了国际WOCE综合计划的跨学科组成部分，并将为未来分析CLIVAR（气候变化和可预测性计划）观测提供基础。第二个重要方面的工作是调查的变化的流场的重点是如何以及水文表示的“平均”随时间变化的流场。这项工作是必要的，以建立在重复部分是最有用的背景。部分资金将支持一位年轻的女科学家在跨学科研究中站稳脚跟，以及一名学生学习物理和化学海洋学的观察和数值建模方面的知识。A.麦克唐纳正在积极参与新英格兰海洋科学教育卓越中心（NE-COSEE），参与并出席COSEE“讲述你的故事”研讨会。她目前正在与当地学校的3名教师合作，与初中和高中学生分享她在海洋环流，碳循环和数据分析方面的工作内容。这项研究是对美国CLIVAR计划和美国碳循环计划的贡献。

A multi-box inverse model will be used to investigate the transport, divergence and decadal changes in the concentration of CO2 (carbon dioxide) within the Atlantic Basin. The model includes most of the long line data collected during the WOCE/JGOFS (World Ocean Circulation Experiment and Joint Global Ocean Flux Study) period 1990-1999) and, currently, is made up of 40 boxes and 21 density layers. The models' carbon transport results will be compared both to previous observation based results, as well as to the results of models participating in the ocean carbon model intercomparison project. To better understand the significance of the box model synthesis circulation and ocean carbon cycle which are based on an assumed steady-state within a system which is known to be varying, the analysis of the mean circulation variance will be extended within the Atlantic portion of a global ocean state estimation product. In addition, the project will be extended to include investigation of the divergence of oxygen and nutrient transports in the inverse model and of the inferred rates of organic carbon, opal, and calcium carbonate export from the surface ocean. This approach will be combined with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and radiocarbon age based estimates of biogeochemical cycling for which an extensive data- and model-based analysis of possible CFC age biases will be performed.Intellectual Merit: The proposed work is unique in that it is the first to combine both zonal and meridional observations in a physically consistent fashion over the full extent of the Atlantic Ocean to investigate the location and magnitude of oceanic uptake and outgassing of CO2. Such syntheses have been performed in the past for properties other than carbon and have been shown to not always produce the same results as single transect studies. The proposed inclusion of biogeochemical cycling rates within the model and from the tracer-age based approaches will provide new data based basin-scale estimates of biogenic material export from the Atlantic surface ocean that can be compared to other methods as well as to other oceanic regions. Broader Impacts: Estimates of oceanic CO2 uptake are necessary for accurate prediction of future atmospheric CO2 content and direct estimates of inorganic carbon flux divergences will provide a constraint on the estimates made through surface pCO2 measurements and numerical models. This research represents an interdisciplinary component of the international WOCE synthesis program and will provide groundwork for analyzing CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and predictability program) observations in the future. A second important aspect of the work is the investigation into the variance of the flow field with the focus on determining how well the hydrography represents the "mean" in a time-varying flow field. The work is necessary to establish the context in which repeat sections are most useful. A portion of the funds will support a young, female scientist in the process of establishing herself in interdisciplinary research, as well as a student who will be introduced to both observational and numerical modeling aspects of physical and chemical oceanography. A. Macdonald is taking an active part in the New England Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (NE-COSEE), participating and presenting in COSEE "Telling Your Story" workshops. She is currently working with 3 teachers in local schools to share components of her work on ocean circulation, the carbon cycle and data analysis with middle and high school students.This study is a contribution to the U.S. CLIVAR program and the U.S. Carbon Cycle program.