Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Role of Foddering in Emergent Animal Husbandry Practices

谢丽尔·马卡雷维奇正在进行研究，以确定黎凡特南部山羊驯化的模式、路径和节奏。黎凡特是肥沃新月的一部分？中东的一个地区，见证了最早广泛驯化的山羊(绵羊和山羊)。该项目由诺琳·图罗斯教授负责监督。具体地说，正在研究饲料供应在紧急山羊饲养实践中的作用以及饲料对山羊驯化的贡献。几千年来，家养山羊一直是世界各地自给自足经济的主要组成部分。这些动物的驯化极大地改变了人类群体的生存基础，最初是通过提供容易获得的、可靠的肉类来源，后来通过提供牛奶和羊毛等次要产品。Makarewicz使用从中东一些最早的农业村庄(公元前8500至6500年)发现的山羊骨骼材料，使用一种新的方法，通过骨胶原的稳定同位素分析来识别饲料实践。在更细微的范围内，该项目检查了圈养山羊个体和部分小羊群的饲料供应，并继续探索在整个羊群上实施的系统性饲料供应。由于牧民可能根据其短期和长期生存目标和畜群维持策略，对不同年龄和性别的动物采用不同的饲料做法，因此还探讨了根据动物性别和性别在场地内采用不同饲料做法的情况。与其他技术不同，稳定同位素分析允许直接记录人类对单个动物的实践。这为理解人类个体行为在发展畜牧业中的作用和变化开辟了新的途径，畜牧业是最终导致驯化的一种生存方式。这项研究还将阐明饲喂等山羊饲养做法与该区域更大的社会和文化发展之间的关系。公元前8500年至公元前6500年之间的时期，也被称为新石器时代革命，是西亚地区文化、社会和经济发生戏剧性变化的时期，当时建造了第一个大型农业村庄，使用了复杂的象征和殡仪系统，并出现了社会分化。这项研究提供了一个独特的机会，以检验畜牧业实践的演变，如饲料，如何有助于这种动态的文化和经济环境的发展。

Cheryl Makarewicz is conducting research to determine the mode, path and tempo of goat domestication in the southern Levant. The Levant is part of the ?fertile crescent? of the Middle East, a region that saw the earliest widespread domestication of caprines (sheep and goats). The project is supervised by Professor Noreen Tuross. Specifically, the role of fodder provisioning in emergent goat husbandry practices and the contribution that foddering made to goat domestication is being examined. The domestic goat has been a major component of subsistence economies around the world for many thousands of years. The domestication of these animals drastically changed the subsistence base of human groups, initially by providing a readily accessible, reliable source of meat and later, by providing secondary products such as milk and wool. Using goat skeletal material recovered from some of the very first agricultural villages in the Middle East (c. 8500 to 6500 B.C.E.), Makarewicz uses a novel approach to identifying foddering practices through stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. At a finer scale, this project examines fodder provisioning of individual captive goats and portions of small herds and goes onto explore systematic fodder provisioning practiced on entire herds. Variation in foddering practices on an intra-site basis according to the sex and age of the animal is also explored, as herders may employ different foddering practices for animals of different ages and sex depending upon their short and long-term subsistence goals and herd maintenance strategies. Unlike other techniques, stable isotope analysis allows for direct documentation of human practice on individual animals. This opens a new ways of understanding the role and variation of individual human action in developing animal husbandry as a mode of subsistence that eventually led to domestication. This research will also articulate the relationship between goat husbandry practices such as foddering with greater social and cultural developments in the region. The period between 8, 500 and 6,500 BCE, also know as the ?Neolithic Revolution?, was a period of dramatic cultural, social, and economic change in Western Asia when the first large agricultural villages were built, elaborate symbolic and mortuary systems were used, and social differentiation emerged. This research provides a unique opportunity to examine how evolution of animal husbandry practices, such as foddering, contributed to the development of this dynamic cultural and economic setting.