Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Role of Foddering in Emergent Animal Husbandry Practices

博士论文改进补助金：饲料在新兴畜牧业实践中的作用

• 批准号: 0630735
• 负责人: Noreen Tuross
• 金额: $ 1.2万
• 依托单位: Harvard University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-02-01 至 2008-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0630735&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Role

Cheryl Makarewicz is conducting research to determine the mode, path and tempo of goat domestication in the southern Levant. The Levant is part of the ?fertile crescent? of the Middle East, a region that saw the earliest widespread domestication of caprines (sheep and goats). The project is supervised by Professor Noreen Tuross. Specifically, the role of fodder provisioning in emergent goat husbandry practices and the contribution that foddering made to goat domestication is being examined. The domestic goat has been a major component of subsistence economies around the world for many thousands of years. The domestication of these animals drastically changed the subsistence base of human groups, initially by providing a readily accessible, reliable source of meat and later, by providing secondary products such as milk and wool. Using goat skeletal material recovered from some of the very first agricultural villages in the Middle East (c. 8500 to 6500 B.C.E.), Makarewicz uses a novel approach to identifying foddering practices through stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. At a finer scale, this project examines fodder provisioning of individual captive goats and portions of small herds and goes onto explore systematic fodder provisioning practiced on entire herds. Variation in foddering practices on an intra-site basis according to the sex and age of the animal is also explored, as herders may employ different foddering practices for animals of different ages and sex depending upon their short and long-term subsistence goals and herd maintenance strategies. Unlike other techniques, stable isotope analysis allows for direct documentation of human practice on individual animals. This opens a new ways of understanding the role and variation of individual human action in developing animal husbandry as a mode of subsistence that eventually led to domestication. This research will also articulate the relationship between goat husbandry practices such as foddering with greater social and cultural developments in the region. The period between 8, 500 and 6,500 BCE, also know as the ?Neolithic Revolution?, was a period of dramatic cultural, social, and economic change in Western Asia when the first large agricultural villages were built, elaborate symbolic and mortuary systems were used, and social differentiation emerged. This research provides a unique opportunity to examine how evolution of animal husbandry practices, such as foddering, contributed to the development of this dynamic cultural and economic setting.

谢丽尔·马卡雷维奇正在进行研究，以确定黎凡特南部山羊驯化的模式、路径和克里思。 黎凡特是？新月沃土？产于中东，是最早广泛驯养山羊（绵羊和山羊）的地区。 该项目由Noreen Tuross教授监督。 具体而言，饲料供应的作用，在新兴的山羊畜牧业的做法和贡献，饲养山羊驯化正在审查。数千年来，家养山羊一直是世界各地自给经济的主要组成部分。这些动物的驯化极大地改变了人类群体的生存基础，最初是通过提供一个容易获得的，可靠的肉类来源，后来，通过提供次级产品，如牛奶和羊毛。 使用从中东一些最早的农业村庄中找到的山羊骨骼材料（c。公元前8500年至6500年），Makarewicz使用了一种新的方法，通过骨胶原的稳定同位素分析来识别饲料做法。在更细的尺度上，该项目研究了单个圈养山羊和小牧群部分的饲料供应，并继续探索对整个牧群进行系统的饲料供应。还探讨了根据动物的性别和年龄，在同一地点内的基础上，不同的放牧实践，牧民可能会采用不同的放牧实践，不同的年龄和性别的动物，这取决于他们的短期和长期的生存目标和牛群维持策略。与其他技术不同，稳定同位素分析可以直接记录人类对个别动物的做法。 这开辟了一个新的方式来理解在发展畜牧业作为一种生存模式，最终导致驯化的个人行动的作用和变化。 这项研究还将阐明山羊饲养实践（如放牧）与该地区更大的社会和文化发展之间的关系。公元前8500年到6,500年之间的时期，也被称为？新石器革命？1940年是西亚文化、社会和经济发生巨大变化的时期，第一个大型农业村庄建成，使用了精心设计的象征和丧葬制度，社会分化出现。 这项研究提供了一个独特的机会，研究如何畜牧业的做法，如饲料的演变，有助于这种动态的文化和经济环境的发展。