IPY: Collaborative Research: Aerial Hydrographic Surveys for IPY and Beyond: Tracking Change and Understanding Seasonal Variability

IPY：协作研究：IPY 及其他航空水文测量：跟踪变化并了解季节变化

• 批准号: 0634226
• 负责人: James Morison
• 金额: $ 70.36万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-05-15 至 2011-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0634226&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: IPY; Collaborative; Research; Aerial; Hydrographic

Annual springtime, large-scale airborne surveys of the Arctic Ocean will be conducted in two regions: the central Arctic Ocean (annual surveys), and the southern Beaufort Sea (odd-year surveys). The surveys will sample the two main circulation features of the Arctic Ocean, the Transpolar Drift Stream and the Beaufort Gyre. The total number of stations will reach a maximum of about 25 at each location during IPY, decreasing to a lower level after IPY as part of a long-term Arctic Observing Network (AON). The proposed surveys have two main goals: (a) observe Arctic Ocean change by taking sea ice and ocean sections across frontal features, and (b) advance understanding of seasonal variability in the sea ice - upper ocean system to map the growth and melt of ice and to reduce seasonal bias in comparisons of past and future hydrographic records.Five meridional sections will be done during IPY from the North Pole south to 85N, with possible extensions. Pairs of sections will be done annually after IPY. In the Beaufort Sea, the work will include two meridional sections extending to 78N and two nearly zonal sections that will pre-sample summertime icebreaker cruise tracks. After IPY, subset of sections will be done in in odd-numbered years. To resolve seasonal change, station locations will be chosen to provide end-of-winter comparisons with end-of-summer measurements made by Ice Tethered Platforms (ITPs) and icebreakers. At each station a variety of physical and chemical ocean data, including temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen will be collected using proven methods. A new nitrate sensing system will expand the high-resolution chemical profiling. Bottle samples of tracers such as dissolved oxygen, barium, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium,alkalinity, and oxygen isotopes will be taken. In collaboration with US and European sea ice scientists, snow and sea ice thickness data will be acquired both along our flight tracks using remote sensing and in situ while on station. In collaboration with US, European, and Canadian scientists, we will extend our section data from the central Arctic toward the coastlines.Together with information from ITPs, this project will give the most comprehensive, synoptic view of springtime, Arctic Ocean sea ice- ocean conditions since the Soviet airborne survey programs in the 1970s. This proposed component of the AON will effectively track Arctic Ocean change, and, with corresponding summer measurements, will provide seasonal coverage with which to test system models and their ability to capture system variability. We will help to ensure continuity in the US capability to undertake and remain at the forefront of such science efforts by training two graduate students and so directly engage the next generation of polar scientists. The public will be engaged in polar discovery through a range of activities including, giving public lectures, communicating with the press, giving K-12 presentations, being on the Advisory Board for the Earth & Sky NPR radio program's proposed IPY Polar Heroes project, being a science advisor for the San Francisco Exploratorium proposed IPY project, being on theScience Advisory Team of MacGillivray Freeman Films' proposed IPY "Polar Quest" IMAX movie, and contributing to the annual Seattle Pacific Science Center-Polar Science Weekend.

每年春季，将在两个地区对北冰洋进行大规模机载调查：北冰洋中部（年度调查）和波弗特海南部（奇数年调查）。这些调查将对北冰洋的两个主要环流特征——跨极漂流和波弗特环流进行采样。 IPY期间每个地点的站总数最多将达到25个左右，IPY之后将减少到较低水平，作为长期北极观测网络（AON）的一部分。拟议的调查有两个主要目标：（a）通过锋面特征拍摄海冰和海洋剖面来观察北冰洋的变化，（b）增进对海冰-上层海洋系统季节性变化的了解，以绘制冰的生长和融化图，并在比较过去和未来的水文记录时减少季节性偏差。在IPY期间，将从北极南边到北纬85度进行五个经向剖面，并可能进行扩展。每年 IPY 后都会进行成对的部分。在波弗特海，这项工作将包括两个延伸至北纬 78 度的经向部分和两个近纬向部分，用于对夏季破冰船巡航轨迹进行预采样。 IPY 之后，部分部分将在奇数年完成。为了解决季节变化的问题，将选择站点位置来提供冬末与夏末由冰系留平台（ITP）和破冰船进行的测量的比较。每个站都将使用经过验证的方法收集各种物理和化学海洋数据，包括温度、盐度和溶解氧。新的硝酸盐传感系统将扩展高分辨率化学分析。将采集溶解氧、钡、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵、碱度和氧同位素等示踪剂的瓶样。与美国和欧洲海冰科学家合作，将使用遥感技术沿我们的飞行轨迹和在驻地现场获取雪和海冰厚度数据。我们将与美国、欧洲和加拿大的科学家合作，将剖面数据从北极中部扩展到海岸线。结合来自 ITP 的信息，该项目将提供自 20 世纪 70 年代苏联机载调查计划以来最全面、最全面的春季北冰洋海冰海洋状况视图。 AON 的这一拟议组成部分将有效跟踪北冰洋的变化，并通过相应的夏季测量，提供季节性覆盖，以测试系统模型及其捕捉系统变化的能力。我们将通过培训两名研究生，从而直接吸引下一代极地科学家，帮助确保美国持续开展此类科学工作并保持领先地位。公众将通过一系列活动参与极地探索，包括发表公开演讲、与媒体交流、在 K-12 进行演示、成为地球与天空 NPR 广播节目提议的 IPY 极地英雄项目的顾问委员会成员、担任旧金山探索馆提议的 IPY 项目的科学顾问、担任 MacGillivray Freeman Films 提议的 IPY“极地探索”IMAX 电影的科学顾问团队，以及 为一年一度的西雅图太平洋科学中心-极地科学周末做出贡献。