The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations: Years 54-59

该项目将把百慕大附近的海洋水文测量站（S站或Panulirus站）现有的长达52年的系列工作再延长5年。这些时间序列数据已被许多学科的研究人员广泛用于研究西大西洋从数周到数年不等的周期波动，并在过去10年中发表了100多篇出版物。S站允许每两周进行一次生物地球化学测量，这是更复杂的多学科百慕大大西洋时间序列站计划的一部分，也有助于更好地了解该地区与中尺度涡旋动力学相关的短期变化。从这些数据中可以得出长期变化模式和年代际变率。特别是，深层海洋（特别是模态水深度200-400米）的长期变暖已被记录在案。然而，在整个52年期间，地表温度记录没有出现类似的长期上升，尽管在年代际时间尺度上温度和盐度都有显著的趋势。因此，这些数据表明，在很长一段时间内对整个海洋深度进行采样的重要性，而不仅仅是用海洋表面温度作为气候变化的代用物。这些数据已被证明是全球海洋监测的一个重要环节，并使科学家能够建立与气候变化的直接联系。这一时间序列的延长将进一步推断出这些气候相关信号的重要性，并进一步了解影响海洋变率的过程。每两周一次的采样周期对于解决各种海洋学过程是至关重要的，而这个地点在百慕大附近的独特位置意味着每个完整的海洋深度站只需一个船日即可完成。除了核心测量之外，辅助用户还增强了该站点的测量，为海洋科学界提供了丰富的数据。研究人员建议积极继续这种合作。这个时间序列项目的唯一变化是采样整个海洋深度（~3300m），而不是目前的2600m底部深度。这一变化将需要额外的CTD浇铸，并将产生另外六个独立的水样深度。新的BBSR船R/V Atlantic Explorer的可用性将使我们能够有效地实施这一变化，而不会对邮轮物流或资金数额产生任何影响。更广泛的影响在过去的5年中，许多学生项目都将S水电站项目作为培训和开展学生实地考察的资源。这种兴趣持续增长，以至于现在有几所大学寻求利用BBSR船R/V大西洋探索者和S站计划作为他们课程工作的明确部分。该项目将继续并扩展这种便利，并进一步增加研究生组成部分。S站巡游也证明是培训BBSR（过去5年超过15人）和其他机构的海洋学技术人员的宝贵资源，这项活动也将继续进行。一日游的另一个优势是，它可以容纳来自百慕大和国际各地的记者和媒体人员。

OCE-0648016This project will extend the now 52 year long series of the ocean hydrographic station near Bermuda, known as Station S or the Panulirus Station for another 5 years. These time-series data have already been extensively used by investigators in many disciplines to examine fluctuations at periods from weeks to years in the western Atlantic Ocean and producing over 100 publications over the past 10 years. Hydrostation S allows a bi-weekly context for the biogeochemical measurements that are part of the more complex multi-disciplinary Bermude AtlanticTime-series Station program and also helps provide a better understanding of the short term variability associated with mesoscale eddy dynamics in this region. Patterns of long term change and decadal variability have emerged from these data. In particular, long term warming of the deeper ocean (especially at the depth of mode water 200-400m) has been documented. However, a similar long term increase has not occurred in the surface temperature record over the whole 52 year period although there have been significant trends in both temperature and salinity over decadal time scales. Thus these data show the importance of sampling the full ocean depth over very long time periods rather than just using sea surface temperature for proxies of climate change. These data have proven to be an important link in global ocean monitoring and have allowed scientists to establish direct linkages with climate change. The extension of this time series will further deduce the significance of these climate related signals and to further understand processes effecting ocean variability. The bi-weekly sampling periodicity is essential to resolve various oceanographic processes and the unique position of this site off Bermuda means that each full ocean depth station can be accomplished with just one ship day. In addition to the core measurements, ancillary users have enhanced the measurements at this site to provide a rich array of data available to the ocean sciences community. The investigators propose to actively continue this collaboration. The only change to this time-series project is to sample the full ocean depth (~3300m) rather than the current bottom depth of 2600m. This change will require an additional CTD cast and will generate another six discrete depths for water samples. The availability of the new BBSR vessel R/V Atlantic Explorer will allow us to effectively implement this change without any impact on cruise logistics or funding amounts. Broader ImpactsDuring the past 5 years, numerous student programs have used the Hydrostation S project as resource for training and conducting student fieldwork. This interest continues to grow such that there are now have several Universities seeking to make use of the BBSR vessel R/V Atlantic Explorer and the Hydrostation S program as explicit part of their course work. This project will continue and extend this facilitation and further, a graduate student component will be added to this program. Hydrostation S cruises have also proved to be an invaluable resource for training oceanography technicians form BBSR (over 15 in past 5 years) and other institutions and this activity will also continue. Another advantage of the single day cruises is that it lends itself for the inclusion of journalists and media personnel from both Bermuda and international locations.