The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations: Years 59-64

知识价值：位于百慕大东南约25公里的马尾藻海的“S”水文站是保存时间最长的海洋水文时间序列。由海洋学家亨利斯托梅尔和同事于1954年发起，这个宝贵的双周时间系列已经存在了近58年。从历史上看，水文站'S'计划通过其核心水文测量和其他辅助工作，促进了多样化的测量计划。这些研究的主导主题是与气候问题有关的长期变化，使用了近六十年来前所未有的物理水文学。这些数据清楚地表明，虽然在上层海洋和深层沃茨的温盐特性中存在着显著的长期趋势，但在整个水柱中存在着显著的年际和年代际变化。对于与该地点亚热带模式水一致的沃茨（~300 m深度），温度和盐度的长期趋势分别为每年+ 0.009 C和每年0.002盐度单位，而对于与拉布拉多海水一致的较深沃茨，观察到的趋势为每年-0.005 C和每年-0.001盐度单位。有趣的是，在过去的五年里，这些水团的观测趋势与长期趋势相反。水文站的“S”数据一直是一个重要的资源，通过建立与气候状态（北大西洋涛动）和大规模物质输送（大西洋经向翻转环流）的联系，帮助了解亚热带环流各种水团的变化。由于与其他研究人员的合作，Hydrostation 'S'计划继续提供广泛的研究清单，并补充核心水文学，这些辅助项目产生了最长的二氧化碳时间序列（现年29岁），氚和氦和微量有机物。也许这个时间序列的一个更重要的方面是支持框架和多-年代际综合背景，它提供了在这个地区的其他海洋学计划。这些数据被认为是对整个社区的一种服务，公开分发，随后成为了解海洋过程的宝贵资源。本次授标的所有数据均已处理，截至2010年12月的数据可供全面查阅，而截至2011年7月的数据可作为初步数据查阅。这次更新将保持几乎每两周取样一次的相同取样程序，包括深层CTD铸件和盐度和溶解氧的离散样品。更广泛的影响：Hydrostation 'S'游轮在BIOS的教育中发挥了很大的作用，为学生提供了一天的马尾藻海之旅，这些游轮现在经常接待大型学生团体（例如，普林斯顿大学毕业）。Hydrostation 'S'邮轮也被证明是一个关键的平台，为居民本科生，研究生和当地高中学生，获得经验和进行独立的研究项目。由于持续时间短，Hydrostation 'S'游轮继续证明对当地和国际媒体记者有用。在过去的一年里，来自《时代》杂志、《国家地理》和NBC新闻的媒体团队参加了Hydrostation“S”号邮轮的航行，撰写了一些文章和纪录片，突出了这一时间序列及其在帮助理解海洋变异和气候变化方面的作用。在过去几年中，主要由于大西洋探索者号R/V抵达BIOS，这些游轮上的教育和外联活动大量增加。

Intellectual Merit:Hydrostation 'S' located some 25 km south east of Bermuda in the Sargasso Sea represents the site of the longest maintained oceanographic hydrography timeseries. Initiated by oceanographer Henry Stommel and co-workers in 1954, this invaluable biweekly timeseries has been in existence for nearly 58 years. Historically, the Hydrostation 'S' program through its core hydrography measurements and other ancillary work has facilitated a diversified measurement program. The dominant theme of these studies has been long term change relating to climate issues using the unprecedented near six decades of physical hydrography. These data clearly show substantial inter-annual and decadal variability throughout the full water column although significant long term trends exist in the thermohaline properties of both the upper ocean and deep waters. For waters consistent with subtropical mode water at this site (~300 m depth), the long term trend in temperature and salinity is + 0.009 C per year and 0.002 salinity units per year, respectively, while for deeper waters consistent with Labrador Sea Water , the observed trends are -0.005 C per year and -0.001 salinity units per year . Interestingly, for the past five years, the observed trends for these water masses are opposite to the long term trends. Hydrostation 'S' data have been an important resource in helping understand variability in the various water masses of the subtropical gyre by establishing links to climate state (North Atlantic Oscillation) and large scale mass transport (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). As a result of collaboration with other investigators, the Hydrostation 'S' program continues to deliver a broad research list and complementary to the core hydrography,these ancillary projects have yielded the longest time-series of carbon dioxide (now 29 years old), tritium and helium and trace organics.Perhaps one of the more important aspects of this timeseries is the support framework and multi-decadal synthesis context it provides for other oceanographic programs in this region. These data are considered as a service to the community as a whole being openly distributed and subsequently an invaluable resource for understanding ocean processes. All data for this current award have been processed and data through December 2010 are available for full access while data through July 2011 can be accessed as preliminary data. This renewal will maintain the same sampling program of near biweekly sampling consisting of deep CTD casts and discrete samples for salinity and dissolvedoxygen.Broader Impacts:Hydrostation 'S' cruises have played a large role in education at BIOS by providing students one day trips to the Sargasso Sea such that these cruises now routinely host large student groups (e.g., Princeton University graduates). Hydrostation 'S' cruises have also proved to be a key platform for resident undergraduate, graduate and local high school students, for gaining experience and conducting independent research projects. Due to their short duration, Hydrostation 'S' cruises continue to prove useful for both local and international media reporters. During this past year media teams from Time Magazine, National Geographic and NBC News have participated on Hydrostation 'S' cruises resulting in articles and documentaries highlighting this time-series and its role in helping understand ocean variability and climate change. In the past few years, there has been a large increase in educational and outreach activities on these cruises primarily due to the arrival of the R/V Atlantic Explorer at BIOS.