International Research Fellowship Program: The Ritual of Death and the Emergence of Social Hierarchies during the Chalcolitic in Central Mediterranean Spain

国际研究奖学金计划使美国科学家和工程师能够在国外进行9到24个月的研究。该计划的奖项提供了联合研究的机会，并利用国外独特或互补的设施、专业知识和实验条件。该奖项将支持Sarah B.McClure博士与西班牙巴伦西亚史前博物馆的Bernat Marti博士和俄勒冈大学的Douglas Kennett博士合作为期15个月的研究奖学金。该项目侧重于人类社会组织的根本性转变。在Chalcolithic时期(公元前四千年)，西班牙东部的社区受到人口压力、环境影响和广泛的经济相互依存的挑战。通过研究他们的社会组织，我们可以确定人类在文化和环境变化的时代是如何谈判社会关系的，以及人类采取的各种策略。人类人口在之前的几千年里不断增长，在查尔科利特时代，农民使用新技术，如犁，将农业生产扩大到更边缘的土壤上。与此同时，陶瓷和石器的生产变得更加有组织，至少由工匠进行小规模的专业化，他们的产品被广泛交易。这一时期还提供了丧葬习俗中社会不平等的第一个证据。科瓦德拉帕斯托拉的公共墓地在20世纪40年代的S被部分挖掘出来，当时放射性碳测年技术还没有出现。发现了75具遗体和大量精致的墓葬物品。这种文物和遗骸的丰富组合在描述身份差异和社会等级制度的出现方面发挥了关键作用，因为似乎并不是所有的人都得到了来世类似的坟墓物品。在博士后研究期间，PI将与西班牙的同事密切合作，分析巴伦西亚史前博物馆的藏品，并总结现有关于西班牙东部胆石墓葬和墓葬物品的文献。对这些极具价值的文化遗产的分析将包括对人工制品和人类遗骸的地质化学分析，以确定年代、人类饮食的差异、用于手工艺生产的原材料的来源位置、家畜管理战略和土地利用，并将得到图书馆研究的补充，以将结果数据置于更广泛的文化和年代背景下。研究结果将作为一本书发表在同行评议的期刊上，并在国际会议上公布。这项研究的更广泛影响将是评估社会不平等出现的原因和背景，同时在美国和西班牙的科学家和机构之间建立长期的合作关系。

0701241McClureThe International Research Fellowship Program enables U.S. scientists and engineers to conduct nine to twenty-four months of research abroad. The program's awards provide opportunities for joint research, and the use of unique or complementary facilities, expertise and experimental conditions abroad.This award will support a fifteen-month research fellowship by Dr. Sarah B. McClure to work with Dr. Bernat Marti at Museu de Prehistoria de Valencia in Valencia, Spain and Dr. Douglas Kennett at the University of Oregon.This project focuses on a fundamental shift in the organization of human societies. During the Chalcolithic (4th millennium BC), communities in eastern Spain were challenged by population pressure, environmental impacts, and wide-ranging economic interdependencies. By studying their social organization, we can identify how humans negotiated social relationships in times of cultural and environmental change and the variety of strategies humans employed. Human populations grew during the preceding millennia, and by the Chalcolithic farmers were using new technologies, such as the plow, to expand agricultural production onto more marginal soils. At the same time, ceramic and stone tool production became more organized with at least small-scale specialization by craftspeople, whose wares were widely traded. This period also provides the first evidence of social inequality in its funerary practices. The communal burial site of Cova de la Pastora was partially excavated in the 1940's, prior to the advent of radiocarbon dating. The remains of 75 individuals were found along with large quantities of elaborate grave goods. This rich assemblage of artifacts and human remains plays a key part in characterizing status differences and the emergence of social hierarchies, since it appears that not all individuals were given similar grave goods for the afterlife. During the course of the postdoctoral fellowship, the PI will work closely with colleagues in Spain to analyze collections at the Museum of Prehistory in Valencia and summarize the existing literature on Chalcolithic burials and grave goods in eastern Spain. Analysis of these highly valued objects of cultural patrimony will include geo-chemical analyses on artifacts and human remains to determine chronology, differences in human diets, source locations of raw materials used in craft production, domestic animal management strategies, and land use, and will be complemented by library research to place resulting data in a broader cultural and chronological context. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, as a book, and presented at international conferences. The broader impacts of this study will be evaluating the causes and contexts of the emergence of social inequality, while forging long-term collaborative relationships between scientists and institutions in the United States and Spain.